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Important Events 

IN THE 



WORLD'S HISTORY* J 




r TABLES ^ 


^*"^^ff? 


OF 

RULERS'AND GENEALOGIES. 


«|eI 


COLLECTED AND COMPILED 




FOR 

STUDENTS 

BY 


EM 


PHCEBE ELIZABETH THOMS. 


nag^ 


\X_ ^^^^^^^^^^~Aj 






■v^^^^^KiS 



Important Events 

IN THE 

WORLD'S HISTORY. 

TABLES 

OF 

Rulers and Genealogies. 



FHR 



K-L -) COLLECTED AND COMPILED 



STUDENTS 

BY ^/ 

Phcebe Elizabeth Thoais. /^ 7? 



Cincinnati, Ohio. 
1892. 



according to Act of < ongress in the year 1S92, by Pha-bc Elizabeth Thorns, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, I). C, 






INDEX. 

ANCIENT HISTORY. 
A — Nations of the Orient. 

The Egyptians, 3 

The Babylonians and Assyrians, . . . 4 

The Jews and Phoenicians, 4- 5 

The Medes and Persians, 6 

B — Nations of the Occident. 

The Greeks 7-1° 

The Romans 1 1-20* 

HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 
From the fall of the west Roman Empire to the Reformation, 21-33 

MODERN HISTORY. 
From the Reformation to the French Revolution, . 34-52 

LATER HISTORY. 
From the French Revolution to our own time, . . S3~79 

TABLES OF RULERS. 

Roman Emperors, ....... '80-81 

Emperors of Germany, ...... 82 

Kings of France, ....... 83-84 

Kings of England, 84-85 

Austria — House of Hapsburg, ..... 85 

Brandenburg and Prussia 86 

Russia, 86 

Spain 87 

The most important Popes, ..... 88 

Presidents of the United States, 89 

TABLES OF GENEALOGIES. 

Imperial House of Julian, 90 

Carlovingians, 91 

Guelfs and Hohenstaufens, ..... 92-93 

Hohenzollerns, ........ 94~95 

House of Hapsburg, 96 

Houses of Tudor and Stuart, 97 

House of Bourbon, 98 

House of Bonaparte (Napoleon) -99 

Houses of Romanoff and Holstein-Gottorp, . . 100 

Houses of Vasa and Bernadotte 101 

Appendix, 102-121 

States and Territories of the United States, . . .122 
I nauguration of Presidents and Vice-Pres'ts, United States, 123 
Census and Electoral Vote of the United States, . .124 



■|" Died. 



THE A. H. PUGH PRINTING CO., 
CINCINNATI, OHIO. 



I. ANCIENT HISTORY. 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE EGYPTIAN EMPIRE TO THE 
FALL OF THE WEST ROMAN EMPIRE. 

3500 B. C. — 476 A. D. 

/. Period : From the Beginning of the Egyptian Empire to Cyrus (about 
3500-555 B. C). II Period: From Cyrus to Alexander the Great 
(555-333 B. C). III. Period : From Alexander the Great to Augustus 
(333-31 B. C). IV. Period: From Augustus to the Fall of the West 
Roman Empire (31 B. C.-476 A. P.). 

A. NATIONS OF THE ORIENT. 

I. The Egyptians. 3500-527 B. C. 

Upper-Egypt (Thebes). Middle-Egypt (Memphis). Lower-Egypt 
(Sais, Naucratis, Pelusium). The Pharaohs : Menes or Misraim 
(Memphis), Cheops (Pyramids), Amenemhat (Labyrinth, Lake Moeris). 

2100-1600. Egypt under the dominion of the Hyksos kings. 
Their expulsion by king Thothmes III. 

1 500 Amenhotep III. 1400 Sethos I 

1350 Rameses II. the Great (Sesostris). His wars and buildings. The 
Ramesseum. 

1250 Rameses J I I. Rampsinitus. 

980. Dominion of the Assyrian kings. 

750-700. Supremacy of the Ethiopians in Egypt. Their expulsion 
followed by the Dodekarchy (12 rulers). 

650 Psammetichus, sole monarch of Egypt. 

605 Battle of Karc/iemis/i {Circesium), Necho vanquished by Nebuchad- 
nezzar. Commerce and Navigation promoted by Necho. 

527 Psamtnenitus conquered by Cambyses, son of Cyrus, at Pelusium. 
Egypt a Persian province. 



II. The Babylonians and Assyrians. 2500-538 and 606 B.C. 

2500 The Babylonian Empire founded (Babylon on the Euphrates). About 
2000 the Assyrian Empire founded (Nineveh on the Tigris). Nznus 
and Semiramis. 

770 Phid or Pul, king of Assyria ; after him Tiglath-Pileser, Shalmaneser 

and Sennacherib. 
747 Era of Nabonassar. 

722 Shalmaneser of Assyria conquers the kingdom of Israel, and carries 
the ten tribes into captivity. 

712 Sennacherib, son of Shalmaneser. His fruitless siege of Jerusalem, 
Hezekiah, king of fudah. 

670 Esar-haddon. Height of Assyrian Power. Subjection of Babylon, 
Elam and Egypt. 

606 End of the Assyrian Empire through Nabopolassar of Babylon and 
Cyaxares of Media. Destruction of Nineveh. Sardanapalus, the 
last king of Assyria. The Assyrian Empire divided into three king- 
doms : Media, Babylon and Nineveh. 

605 Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, defeats PJiaraoh-Nccho of 
Egypt near Karchemish (Circesiiau). 

600 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Destruction of Old Tyre. 

588 Destruction of the kingdom of Judah through Nebuchadnezzar. 

538 Babylon taken by the Persians. Nabonadius (Belshazzar) last king 
of Babylon. 

III. The Jews and Phoenicians. 

1. The Jews 2000-722 and 588 B. C. (44 A. D.). 

2000 Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Patriarchs of the Jews. 
1800 Joseph. The Jews in Egypt. (1800-1500.) 
1500 Moses, the Lawgiver of the Jews. 

1450. Joshua, the conqueror of Palestine. Distribution of the country 
among the twelve tribes. The Levites. 



1400-1100. Period of the Judges. Gideon, Jephthah, Samson. 

1095 Samuel, the High Priest. Saul, the first king of the Jews. 

1055 David ) Kings of the Jews. 

1015 Solomon ) Greatest extension of the Empire. 

975 Division of the Jewish Empire. 

Judah (King Rehoboam, Jerusalem) and 

Israel (King Jeroboam, Thirza, Samaria). 

900 Ahab and Jezebel. The prophet Elijah. 

880 Jehu and the prophet Elisha. 780. Uzziah, king of Judah. 

722 Destruction of the Kingdom of Israel, under king Hoshea, by 
Shalmaneser of Assyria. Assyrian Captivity. 

712 Hezekiah, king of Judah. Unsuccessful siege of Jerusalem by 
Sennacherib of Assyria. Isaiah. 
680. King Manasseh. 625. Josiah. 

588 Destruction of the Kingdom of Judah, under king Zedekiah, 
by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Babylonian Captivity. The 
prophets Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. 

536 Return to Palestine of part of the Jews. Building of the Temple; 

Samaritans. More Jews return under Ezra (478) and Nehemiah 

(444). 
538-167 The Jews under the dominion of the Persians, Macedonians; 

Egyptians and Syrians. 

167 Revolt of the Jews under the Maccabees against the dominion of the 
Syrians. {Judas Maccabaeus. Antiochus IV., Epipliaius). 

39 Herod the Great, the Idumsean , made king of the Jews by the Romans. 

BIRTH OF OUR SAVIOUR, JESUS CHRIST, 

in the reign of Augustus, Roman Emperor. 

After the death of Herod the Great, his sons reign in Palestine: 
Archelaus (in Judaea), Herod Antipas (in Galilee and Samaria), 
Philip (in Paraea). Sects of Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes. 



A. D. John the Baptist (30 A. D.). 

32 Christ crucified. The Apostles sent on their mission. 

36 Paul converted, becomes apostle of Christ. 

41-44. Herod Agrippa, king of all Palestine. 

70 Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 

100. Death of John, Christ's disciple. Peter dies about 67 and 
Paul about 64. 

132 Last revolt of the Jews under Bar-kokh/ba against the Romans. Dis- 
persion of the Jews. 

2. Phoenicians. 1300-600 B.C. 

Commerce and navigation of the Phoenicians. The cities of Tyre and 
Sidon. Colonies in Spain (Gades and Tartessus), Sicily, Cyprus 
and Crete. King Hiram {about 1000). 

Writing with letters, Glass, Purple, weaving of wool- 

850. Elissa (Dido) of Phoenicia founds Carthage in Africa. 

600. Phoenicia overthrown by the Babylonians (Nebuchadnezzar) ; 

and later by the Persians and Macedonians. 

IV. The Medes and Persians. 

1. The Medes. 714-558 B. C. 

About 1250 Zoroaster, founder of the Medo-Persian religion, Zend- 
Avesta. Gautama or Buddha, founder of Buddhism in India 
(about 550). Confucius, founder of the Chinese religion (about 500). 
Kings of the Medes: Dejoces 700 (Ecbatana). Phraortes 650. 
Cyaxares 600. Astyages 590. 

Astyages deposed by Cyrus, who establishes the Persian Empire. 
Prior to Dejoces, the Medes were subject to the Assyrians. 

2. The Persians. 555-331 B. C. 

555 Cyrus, founder of the Persian Empire (558-529). 

Astyages. Mundane. Harpagus. Cra-sus of Lydia. 



7 

538 Cyrus conquers Babylon and Phoenicia. 

Nabonidius (Belshazzar), last king of Babylon. 

Cyrus defeated and slain in the war against the Massagets. 

529 Cambyses, son of Cyrus, vanquishes Psammenitus and makes Egypt 
a Persian province. Smerdis and Pseudo-Smerdis. 

525-485. Darius Histaspis. (Wars with Babylon, Scythians, Greeks). 

500 Revolt of the Greeks of Asia-Minor against the Persians. 

492-449. Persian wars with the European Greeks. 

490 Battle of Marathon. 

485-465. Xerxes I. Battles of Thermopylae, Artemisinm and Salmis (480). 

Plat&a and Mycale (479). Eurymedon (469). 
450 Artaxerxes I. Longimanus. 

410 Darius II. Nothus. 401. Artaxerxes II. Mnemion. Cyrus the 

Younger. 
401 Battle of Cunaxa. Anabasis. Xenophon. 

396-394. Victories of the Spartan Agesilaus over the Persians in Asia-Minor. 
350 Artaxerxes III. Ochus. 

336-33 J - Darius III. Codomanus. Alexander the Great of Macedon 
defeats the Persians at the river Granicus (334), at Issus (333), at 
Gaugemela or Arbela (331). 
A. D. 

222 Artaxerxes, Ardschir Babegan, grandson of Sassan, founds the New 
Persian Empire of the Sassanides. (Duration, until 642 A. D.). 

B. THE NATIONS OF THE OCCIDENT. 

I. The Greeks. 1500-338 B.C. 

{First Period : From the Beginning of the Egyptian Empire to Cyrus. 
3500-355 B. C.) 

1500 Cecrops (Athens). Cadmus (Thebes). Danaus (Argos). Pelops 

(Peloponnesus). 
1250 Expedition of the Argonauts to Colchis, fason and Medea. Hercules. 

Minos. Theseus, king of Attica. 



1 184 Conquest of Troy. Agememon. Menelaus. Paris. Helen. 
Priam. Hector. Achillea. Odysseus or Ulysses. 

1 100 Invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Dorians. Heraclidse. 
Eurysthenidce and Proclidcc, the Royal families of Sparta. 

1068 Codrus, king of the Athenians, sacrifices himself for his country. 
Institution of the Archons. 

mi 5 Homer, Greek poet (Iliad and Odyssey). 

888 Lycurgus, Legislator of Sparta. 

Two Kings. Two Assemblies. Ephori. 

776 Olympian Games.. 

~\y-1i\. First Messenian war. Aristodemus. 

685-668. Second Messenian war. Aristomenes. 

Tyrtaeus. Beginning of Spartds Hegemony in the Peloponnesus. 

624 Draco, first legislator of Athens. Cylon. 

600 Solon, Legislator of Athens. Seven Sages. 

Division of the people according to wealth. Archons. 
Council of the 400 and popular assembly. Areopagus. 

560-528. Pisistratus, Tyrant of Athens. His sons, Hipparchus (514) and 
Hippias (510). 
Harmodius and Aristogiton, their enemies. 

509 Clisthenes and his reforms. 

{Second Period : From Cyrus to Alexander the Great. 
555-333 B. C.) 
540 Pythagoras, philosopher of Crotona. 
500 Revolt of the Greeks of Asia-Minor against the Persians. 
492-449. Persian wars. 
492 Unsuccessful invasion by Mardonius. 

490 Second invasion of the Persians. Datis and Artaphernes. Battle 
of Marathon. The Athenian Miltiades vanquishes the 
Persians. 



480 Third Invasion of the Persians by Xerxes. 

Battle of THERMOPYLiE, Leonidas, King of Sparta. 

Battles of Artemisium, Salmis. The Athenian, Themistocles, 

VANQUISHES THE PERSIANS. 

479 Battles of Plataa, Mycale. The Athenian Aristides and the Spartan 

Puusanias. 
469 Battle on the Eurymedon. Ci?iion. 

Beginning of A then s Hegemony. 

465-455. Third Messenian war. 

460-429. Pericles at the head of the Athenian State. 
.Esc Jiy Ins, Sophocles, Euripides ; Greek tragedians. 
Herodotus, ' ' Father of History. 
Phidias and Polycletus, perfection of Greek plastic art. 

444 Battles near Cyprus. Cimon | • End of the Persian -wars. 

431-404 Peloponnesian War. 

429 Pericles dies of the Plague. Cleon. 

425 Capture of the 300 Spartans on Sphacteria. 
Cleon and Demosthenes, the general. 

421 Peace of Nicias ; Alcibiades. 
Thucydides, the historian. 

415. Athenian expedition to Sicily. Alcibiades, accused by his ene- 
mies in Athens, flees to Sparta and afterwards to the Persian satrap 
Tissaphernes. His recall (408), second banishment (407), death 
(404). 406. Battle near the Arginusae islands. Conon. 

405 Battle of .Egospotami ; Lysander. 

404 Athens taken by the Spartans. TJie jo Tyrants. 
Thrasybulus, liberator of Athens, 403. 
Aristophanes, the comedian. 

399 Death of Socrates. Plato his pupil. 

401. The 10,000 Greeks march with Cyrus the younger against his 
brother Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon). 

Anabasis. Battle of Cnnaxa. Xenophon. 



10 

396-394- Agesilaus, the Spartan, campaign against Persia. 

394-387. Corinthian War. Battles of Haliartus, Cnidus, (Conon), Coronea 
(Agesilaus). 

3S7 Antakides concludes peace. 

378 Thebes delivered from the dominion of the Spartans by 
Pelopidas and Epaminondas. 
Hegemony of Thebes. 

371 Battle of Lciictra, of Man tinea (362). 

338 Battle of Chceronca. End of Grecian liberty. 
Hegemony of Macedon. Philip II. (360-336). 
Demosthenes, the orator, in Athens. 

( Third Period: From Alexander the Gnat to Augustus. 
333-31 B. C.) 

338 Alexander the Great, kinL, r of Macedon (336-323). 

Aristotle. Alexander's war with Darius 111. (Codomanus) of Persia 
(334-331). 337. Alexander s expedition to India. 

334 Granicus. 333. Issus. 331. Gaugamela {Arbela). 

Darius murdered by Bcssus. Citius murdered by Alexander. 

111. Alexander dies in Babylon. 

322-282. Dissensions of the Diadochi or Successors. 

301. Battle of Ipsus — Antigonus and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

Foundation of new empires from the Monarchy of Alexander the 
Great. 

a) Macedon under the family of Demetrius Poliorcetes (until 168).- 

b) Syria under the Seleucidce (until 63). 

c) Egypt under the Ptolemies (until 30). 

Demosthenes ~j~. Phocian, his adversary "[" 318. 

80 Pyrrhus of Epirus in Italy and Sicily. His campaigns against the 
Romans and Carthaginians. 
Cineas. .-Etolian and Achaan Leagues. 
Aratus and Philopcemen. 



>-- 



22j Cleomenes, king of Sparta, endeavors to restore the constitution of 
Lycurgus. 

222 Battle of Sellasia. Cleomenes defeated by Antigonus II. of Macedon. 
200. Beginning of the wars of the Macedonians and Syrians with 
the Romans. 

197 Philip III. of Macedon defeated by the Romans at Cynoscephalce. 

191 Antiochits the Great of Syria defeated by the Romans near Ther- 
mopylce, near Magnesia (190) by L. Cornelius Scipio (Asiaticus). 
Hannibat 'in Syria and Bithynia. 

183 Death of Philopccmcn and Hannibal. 

168 Perseus of Macedon defeated by AZmilius Paulus at Pydna and car- 
ried captive to Rome. 

148 Macedon made a Roman province. 

146 Greece becomes a Roman province under the name of Achaia. 

II. The Romans. 753 B. C— 476 (1453) A. D. 

{First Period : From the Beginning of the Egyptian Empire to Cyrus. 
SSOO-SSS B. C.) 

753 Foundation of Rome by Romulus and Remus. Rape of the 
Sabines. Romulus, Titius Tatius and Cceles Vibenna (Ramnes. 
Tities and Luceres). 

753 _ 5 10 Rome under kings. Romulus, Numa Pouipilius (Service of 
the Gods), Tullus Hostilius (Conquest of Alba Longa and origin of 
the order of Plebeians). 

Ancus Martius (Foundation of the poet of Ostia). 

Tarquinius Priscus (Capitolium, Forum, Cloaca, Circus). 

Sennus Tullius (Division into classes according to property, Census, 
Raising of Plebeians). 

Tarquinius Superbus (Successful wars. Highest development of abso- 
lute kingly power). 



{Second Period: From Cyrus to Alexander the Great. 
555-333 B. C.) 
509 Rome becomes Republic after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus. 
Sextus Tarquinius and Lucretia. Tarquinius Collatinus and 
Junius Brutus, first consuls of Rome. Porsenna, king of Clusium 
in Etruria. Heroic deeds of Horatius Codes and Mucius Sccevola. 

494 Secession of the Plebeians to the Mons Sacer, establishment of tribunes 
of the Plebeians. Coriolanus. 
486. Agrarian law of Spurius Cassius. 
477 The Fabii slain. 

458 L Quintius Cincinnatus, Dictator. 

450 The Laws of the 12 Tables. Decemviri. Appius Claudius. Virginia. 

445 The Canulian law, permitting marriages between Patricians and 

Plebeians. 
390 Gauls in Pome. Brennus. Camillus, the Dictator. M. Manlius 

(Capitoline). 
367 Agrarian laws of Livinius Stolo. 

366 Lucius Sextus, first Plebeian consul. Gradual equalization of 

Patricians and Plebeians. 
About 300, the consulate, dictatorship, censorship, prastorship and 

priesthood attainable for Plebeians. 
350-270. Subjection of middle and lower Italy to Rome. 
342 First Samnitc war. 

340 Latin war. Battle of Vesuvius. Deems Mus, the father. 
Titus Manlius Tarquatus. 

326-290. Second and Third Samnite wars. Pontius Herennius. Defeat at 
Caudium (321). Papirius Cursor. Q. Fabius Maximus and 
Decius Mus, the son. Battle of Sentinum. Curius Dentatus. 

( Third Period . From Alexander the Great to Augustus. 
333-31 B. C.) 
280 War of the Romans with the Tarentines and Pyrrhus of Epirus. 
Battles of Herceclca and Asculum. Cineas. Fabricius. Battle of 
Benevento (275). 



13 

264-241. First Punic War. Duilius and Regulus. 

Caused by the disputes of the Mamertines and the endeavor of the 
Romans to take Sicily. Hiero of Syracuse, confederate of the 
Romans. 

260 First maritime victory of the Romans under Cuius Duilius near 
MylcB. Columna rostrata. 

256 Attilius Regulus conquers the Carthaginians at sea near Ecnomos, 
crosses to Africa, but is conquered and captured there by the Spartan 
XantJiippus. His cruel death. 

242 Third naval victory of the Romans under Catulus near ALgates 
islands. Hamilcar. 

241 Peace. The Romans win Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. 

The Carthaginians, as compensation, take possession of Spain. 
Invasions of the Illyrians (230), and the Gauls (222) in northern 
Italy. 

218-201 Second Punic War. Hannibal and Scipio Africanus Major. 
Caused by the conquest of Sagunium by Hannibal. 

218 Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees and the Alps and enters Italy. Battles 
near the Ticinus and Trebia (218), at the lake Thrasymenus (217). 
The Dictator, Q. Fabius Ma.ximus. 

216 Battle of Cannce. The Romans defeated by Hannibal. 
216. Hannibal occupies Capua. 

216-206. Rome recovers and carries war into Spain. 

2 1 5 Hannibal suffers his first defeat near Nola through Marcellus. 

212 Conquest of Syracuse by the Romans, Marcellus. 
Death of Archimedes. 

207 Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, arrives with an army; defeated and 
slain near Metaurus. 

204 Publ. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Major) carries war into Africa. 

202 Battle of Zama. Hannibal having returned to Africa is defeated 
by Scipio. 



14 

201 Peace. The Carthaginians lose Spain and their navy, and have to 
pay large sums. Masinissa of Numidia, enemy of the Carthaginians. 

200 Beginning of the wars of the Romans with Macedon and Syria. 

197 T. Quinctius Flamininus defeats Philip III. of Macedon at Cynos- 
cephalcc. 

191 The Romans defeat Aniiochus III. the Great of Syria near TJicr- 
mopylce. 

190 Lucius Cornelius Scipio {Asiaticus), victorious at Magnesia. 
183 Death of Scipio Africanus Major, Hannibal, Philopcemen. 

168. sEmitius Paulus defeats king Perseus of Macedon near Pydna 
and takes him prisoner to Rome. 

167. Revolt of the Jews under the Maccabees {Judas Maccabatis) 
against the Syrian dominion {Antiochus Epiphanes). 

149-146. Third Punic War. Scipio Africanus Minor. 

Caused by the disputes of the Carthaginians with Masinissa of 
Numidia. M. Porcius Cato, the elder, or Censorius. His zealous 
endeavor to extend the power of Rome and to preserve old customs. 

146 P. Cornelius Scipio {Africanus Minor or AZmelianus) takes and 
destroys Carthage. 
The Punic possessions become Roman province, under the name 
of Africa. Lucius Mummius destroys Corinth. Greece under the 
name of Achaia becomes Roman province. War in Spain. 
Viriathus, general of the Lusitanians. 

133. Conquest of Numantia by Scipio {Africanus Minor). 

133 Beginning of the Gracchian troubles. The People's tribune, Tiberius 
Gracchus and his Agrarian laws. 

The People's tribune, Octavius. 

Scipio Nasica, chief adversary of Gracchus, causes his assassination. 
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi. 






15 

Rome, Ruler of the World. 

The Constitution democratic (Power of the Tribunes of the People), 
but restricted by the Senate. Formerly Nobility of birth, now 
Nobility of service and Money Aristocracy. Senators and Knights 
are the prominent classes. Great wealth and moral depravation. 
Introduction of Greek culture. 

123 The tribune Cuius Gracchus renews the Agrarian laws. 

His adversaries, the tribune Livius Drusus and the consul Opimius. 

Gracchus te\s in a fight of his party against the Optimates (121). 
100 The tribune Saturnius renews the Agrarian laws unsuccessfully. 

111-105 War with Jugurtha of Numidia. Roman generals Metellus and 
Marius. Juguitha made prisoner by Sylla (106). 

113-101 War with the Cimbri and Teutones. 

The Roman consul Papirius Carbo defeated near Noreja (113). 
102 Marius defeats the Teutones near Aqua Sexto- {Ai.x), and with Catulus 

the Cimbrians on the Campus Raudius near Vercellas (101). 
90-88 Social war. Confederates armed by the tribune Livius Drusus 

the younger. A republic formed, the capital Corfinium (Italica). 

88-82 First Civil War. Marius and Svlla. 

Caused by their dispute about the chief generalship in the first war of 
the Romans with Mithridates of Pontus (88-84). Flight of Marius 
to Africa. His return to Rome (87). Cinna. Sylla meanwhile 
occupies Athens (86) and brings the war with Mithridates to a vic- 
torious end. 

86 Marius dies during his seventh consulate. Cinna 1" (84). 
Sylla returns to Italy (83). 

83-81 Second war with Mithridates. 
82-79 Sylla, Dictator. List of proscriptions. 

Sylla's death (78) after resigning his power. 

War of the Romans with the Gladiators, Slaves (Sparticus) (73-71) 
and with the Pirates (78-67;. Pompcy and Crassus. 



16 

78-72 War with Scrtorins in Spain, subdued by Pompey. 

74-64 Third war with Mithridatcs. The Roman general Lucullus defeats 
Mithridates near Tigranocerta, Pompey defeats him near Ariaxata, 
and on the Euphrates (66). 

Mithridates suicides (64). 

65-63 Conspiracy of Catiline. Lucius Servius Catiline and his adversary 
the consul and orator M. Tullius Cicero. 

63 Catiline falls in the battle of Pistoria. Banishment and recall of 
Cicero. Clodius, tribune. 

60-49 The First Triumvirate : Cesar, Pompey and Crassus. 

59 Cccsar, consul. Subjection of Gaul 'by Julius Ccesar (58-50). 
The Leader of the Suevi, Ariovistus defeated by Caesar and driven 
out of Gaul. Caesar's campaigns in Britain and Germany. 

53 Death of Crassus while fighting against the Parthians. 

49-45 Second Civil War. Cesar and Pompey. 

Caused by Pompey s jealousy of Ccesar s power and fame, and by 
his demanding of Ccesar to disband his army. 

Ccesar crosses the Rubicon (49). His sudden invasion of Italy — 
marches into Spain and forces Pompey's troops to surrender at 
Ilerda. Caesar dictator and consul. Transfer of the war to 
Greece. 

48 Battle of Pharsalia in Thcssaly. Pompey s flight to Egypt and his 
assassination there. 

Ccesar s campaigns in Egypt for Cleopatra, in Asia against Pharnaces, 
son of Mithridates (veni, vidi, vici). Return to Rome. Campaign 
in Africa against the Republicans and against Juba of Numidia. 
Battle of Thapsus (46). M. Porcius Cato, the younger, commits 
suicide in Utica (Uticensis). Second expedition to Spain (against 
Pompey's sons. Ccesar s victory near Munda (45). Ccesar, dictator 
for ten years Correction of the Calendar (45). 

44 (fjth of March. Ides of March .) Cesar's Assassination through 
M. Brutus and C Cassius. (Longinus). 



Mark Antony and Caius Octavius. Battle of Mutina (43). Their 
reconciliation. 

43 Second Triumvirate : Antony, Octavius and Lepidus. 
Proscriptions. Murder of Cicero. 

43-42. Third Civil War. Triumvirs against the Republicans, 
Brutus and Cassius. 

42 Battle of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius being defeated commit 
suicide. 
Division of the Empire. Antony and Cleopatra. 

32-31 Fourth Civil War. Octavius and Antony. 

31 Battle of Actium. Antony defeated by Octavius. Death of Antony 
and Cleopatra. 



{Fourth Period: From Augustus to the Fall of the West Roman 
Empire. 31 B. C. — 476 A. D.) 

BIRTH OF OUR SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST, 

In the Reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. 

The Emperors of the Julian Family. 

(31 B. C— 68 A. D.) 
B.C. A.D. 

31-14. Octavius under the name of Cesar Augustus, First 
Roman Empekor. 

Wise reign. Drusus ("I" 9 B. C.) and Tiberius conquer a part of Ger- 
many. Family troubles of Augustus through his wife Livia and his 
daughter Julia. 

Development of Roman Literature: Maecenas the protector of art and 
science, the Poets Virgil and Horace, the Historian Livy. 

Year A.D. 

9 Hermann or Arminius, the Cherisci, defeats Varis in the 
Forest of Teutoburg. 

14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor. His confidant, Scjanus. Campaigns 
of Germanicus in Germany (14-16). Marbod, prince of the 
Marcomanni. 



18 

19 Death of Getmanicus. Hermann | 21. 
37-41 Caligula. 
41-54 Claudius. 

54-68 Nero. Assassination of his relatives (Britanicus and Agrippina), 

of his wife Octavia and his teacher Seneca. 
Burning of Rome and the persecution of the Christians (64). 
68 Galba, Otho, Vitellius. 

The Emperors of the Flavian Family (69-96 A. D.) 
69-79 Vespasian. 

70 Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 
Roman conquests in Britain by Agricola. 
Revolt of the Batavians under Claudius Civilis. Velleda. 

79-81. Titus. Destruction of the cities Stabise, Herculaneum and 
Pompeii by the eruption of Vesuvius. 

81-96 Domitian. 

96-98 Nerva. 

100 Trajan, thb Noble Roman Emperor (98-H7). 
Defeat of the Dacians, Armenians and Parthians. 
Greatest extension of the Rotnan Empire. 
Tacitus, the Historian. 

1 17-138 Hadrian. Insurrection of the Jews under Bar-kokh/ba. 

138-160 Anlonius Pius. Peace and prosperity of the Roman Empire. 
The so-called " Golden Age." 

161-180 Marcus Aurelius. War with the Marcomanni and Quadi. 

180-192 Comviodus. 

200 Septimius Severus. 

200 The four great Confederacies of the tribes in Germany (The Franks, 
Saxons, Suevi or Goths,and Alemanni). 

The Roman Empire threatened by the German tribes. 



222 Ardschir Babcgan, Sassari s grandson, founder of the New Persian 
Empire — the enemy of the Romans. After hard fighting he was 
repulsed beyond the Euphrates by the Roman Emperor Alexander 
Severus. (Duration of the Empire of the Sassanidae, 222-642.) 

230 Alexander Severus. 

250 Decius. Persecution of the Christians. 

270 Aurelian. Defeat of Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. 

284-305 Diocletian. Persecution of the Christians. Division of the 
Roman Empire. Diocletian takes three Co-regents (one Augustus 
and two Ccesars) and restrains military despotism, but resigns 
Dignity (305). Diocletian i~ 313. 

333 Constantine the Great (306-337. Contests, with his Co-regents, 
end 324. Christianity becomes State religion. 
325 Synod of Niece. Arians and Athanasians, 
361-363 Julian Apostate. His endeavor to restore Paganism. 

375 Beginning of the Westward Migration of the different 
tribes after the invasion of europe by the huns (doll). 

378 The Emperor Valens succumbs to the Goths near Adrianople. 
Fridigern. 
Translation of the Bible by Ulfilas (about 360). 

395 theodosius the great divides the roman empire into the 
Western and Eastern Empires. 

His sons Honorius {Rome) and Arcadius (Constantinople). 
396 Alaric, king of the West Goths, expedition to Greece. 

395-408. Stilicho, general of Honorius, defeats Alaric near Pollentia 

and Verona (403). 
407 The Alani, Suevi, Vandals cross the Rhine. 

409 Foundation of the Burgundian Empire in South-eastern France. 

410 Alaric conquers Rome. 

412 Athaulf, Alaric s brother-in-law, leads the Goths to southwest 
France — Foundation of the Kingdom of the Visigoths (41 5). Wallia. 



20 

429 The Vandals in Africa. Genseric. Augusiinus, bishop of 
Hippo, dies 430. Augustinism and Pelagianism. 

449 The Anglo-Saxons go to Britain. Hengist and Horsa. 
Heptarchy. 

450 Attila, King of the Huns. 

45 1 Defeat of the Huns on the Catalaunian fields ( Chalons surMarne) 
by the Roman General Aetius and the Visigoths. Theodoric, king 
of the Visigoths, falls. 

452 Attila's expedition to Italy. 

453 Beginning of Venice. Leo the Great. 
Death of Attila in Hungary. 

455 Pillage of Rome by the Vandals under Genseric. 
The Empress Eudocia. 

465-467 The Sueve Ricimer reigns over the West Roman Empire 
as Patrician. 

476 End of the West Roman Empire through Odoacer, Leader of 
the Heruli. 
Romulus Augustulus, last Roman Emperor. 



II. HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 

FROM THE FALL OF THE WEST ROMAN EMPIRE 
TO THE REFORMATION, 476-1517. 

First Period : From the Fall of the West Roman Empire to the Treaty of 
Verdun, 476-843. Second Period : From the Treaty of Verdun to 
the Crusades, 843-1096. Third Period : From the Beginning of the 
Crusades to their End, 1 096-1270. Fourth Period: From the End 
of the Crusades to the Reformation, 1270-15 17. 

{First Period : From the Fall of the West Roman Empire to the 
Treaty of Verdun, 476-843.) 

500 Theodoric the Great (489-526). Empire of the Ostrogoths 
in Italy (493). Clovis (481-51 1) unites the Frankish Tribes 
and becomes a christian. the merovingians. 

486 Clovis defeats the Roman Syagrius near Soissons, the Alemanni near 
Zulpich (or Tolbiac) 496, and the Visigoths near Vougle* 507. 

Division of the Empire of the Franks among the descendants of 
Clovis in Austrassia and Neustria. Subjection of Burgundy, Thur- 
ingia, and Bavaria (about 530). Civil wars. 

Brunhilde and Fredegunde. 

555 Justinian I., Emperor of the Greek or East Roman Empire 
(527-565). Belisarius and Narses take Italy from the Ostrogoths. 

529 Schools of Philosophers in Athens closed. 

Benedict of Nursia founds the first Monastery on Monte Cassino. 

534 Belisarius destroys the Empire of the Vandals under Gelimer 
and attacks the Ostrogoths in Italy. Vitiges. 

554 Narses completes the subjection of Italy through the defeat of 
the Ostrogoths {Totila, Teias. Battle near Cuma), Alemanni and 
Franks. Exarchate of Ravenna (554-754). Corpus juris. Silk 
worms in Europe. 
Chosroes J. (532-579). The Empire of the Sassanides nourishes. 



22 

568 Alboin, Leader of the Longobardi, conquers Upper Italy. Founda- 
tion of the Kingdom of Lombardy. Pavia the capital. Rosamond. 
Agilulf. Iron Crown. 

580 Recaredo, king of the Visigoths. 

590 Gregory the Great becomes the first Bishop of Rome. 
Missions to England. 

622 Mahomet (Mahammed) (born at Mecca, 571). 

Founder of the Islam. Hegira (flight to Medina). 

Era of the Mahometans. 

Mahomet ~|~ 632. His successors (Abubeker, Omar, Osma?i, AH) 

under the name of Caliph. 
Conquests of the Mahometans in Asia and Africa. 

638 Yesdegird, the last of the Sassanidae, defeated near Kadesia. 
Fall of the New Persian Empire (642). 
Division of the Mahometans in Shiites and Sunnites. 
The Ommiades (about 660). Damascus the residence. 
Conquest of Spain (711). The A bbassides (750). Bagdad the resi- 
dence. Al-Mansour ; Haroun al Rase hid (Soo) ; Al Mamun. 

755 Abderahman the Ommiade, founder of. the independent Cali- 
phate in Cordova. 

630 Mayors of the Palace in the Kingdom of the Franks. 

Pepin of Landeti raises the power of the Mayors above that of the 
Kings. 

687 Pepin of HSristal, Mayor over the whole kingdom. 
The dignity becomes hereditary. 

732 Charles Martel (son of Pepin of Heristal) defeats the Arabs or 
Saracens near Tours. 

751 Pepin the Short deposes, with the consent of the Pope, the last Mero- 
vingian (Childeric III.), and proclaims himself king. (Carlovingians). 
Temporal power of the Pope. Patrimonium Petri. 

755 Bo?tif actus (Winfried), Apostle of the Germans "J" 



23 

768-814 Charlemagne, King of the Franks and (800) Roman 
Emperor. 

Extension of the Frankish Empire to the Tiber, Eider, Raab and Ebro. 

Extension of Christianity and Culture. Foundation of schools and 

bishoprics. The Popes, Hadrian I. and Leo III. The learned 

Alcuin and Eginhard. 

Division into Counties with Counts and Legates. 
Levy of troops. Diets instituted. 

772-803 Charlemagne 's wars with ths Saxons. 
Their Leader, Witikind (775). 

772 Capture of Eresburg. Irminsul destroyed. 

Decapitation of 4,500 Saxons at Verden on the Aller. (783) Battle 
of the Hase. Peace at Zelz (803). 

774 Charlemagne defeats Desiderius, last king of the Lombards. 

778 Charlemagne s expedition to Spain. Rolland. 

Foundation of the Spanish province. Navarre. 

Subjection of Tasillon of Bavaria. 

791-796 Subjection of the Avars. 
Foundation of Ostmark or Austria. 

800 Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor. 

810 War with the Normans. 

814-840 Louis, le Debonnaire. Repeated division of the Empire (817. 
829, 832) among his sons: Lothaire, Louis, Pepin and Charles the 
Bald. Hostilities between the sons and the father and among 
themselves. (Lugenfeld 833). 

S27 Egbert of Wessex, first king of England. 

834 Anschar, Apostle of the North, founds the Archbishopric Ham- 
burg, transferred to Bremen (840). 



(Second Period : From the Treaty of Verdun to the Crusades. 
843-1096) 
843 Treaty of Verdun. 

The Frankish Empire is divided into Germany (Louis), France (Charles 
the Bald), and Northern Italy with Lorraine (Lothaire). 

A. The German Carlovingians (843-911). 

843-876 Louis the German. His wars with the Slavs and Northmen or 
Normans. 

870 Treaty of Meersen between Louis and Charles the Bald. 

876 Division of the German countries among his sons. 

876-887 Charles the Fat or le Gros. The three Frankish Empires 
reunited for a short time (884-887). 

Polio, first Duke of Normandy (911). 

Alfred the Great in England (87 1-90 1). His successful wars against 
the Danes. 

1013-1041 Danish Supremacy in England. Sweyn and Canute 
the Great. 

887-899 Arnulf of Carinthia, King of Germany. His victory over 
the Normans near L6wen on the Dyle (891). 
Joined with the Magyars against the Moravians. 

899-911 Louis the Child. 

Germany an Electoral Empire (911-1806). 

911-918 Conrad /, of Franconia, King of Germany. 
Loss of Lorraine to France. 

B. The Saxon Emperors (919-1024). 

919-936 Henry I., the Fowler, (933) defeats the Hungarians at 
MERSEBURG — and regains Lorraine (921), — and adds Schleswig to 
his dominion. 



25 

936-973 Otho I., the Great, (955) defeats the Hungarians at 
Lechfeld, near Augsburg. In the first half of his reign wars 
with his relatives, the unruly Vassals and the Slavs. 

Acquisition of Italy (951). Adelheid and Berengar. 

"The holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (962). 

973-983 Otho II. wars in Italy. Battle of Basientello (?) (982). 

983-1002. Otho III, educated by the learned Gerbert {Pope Sylves- 
ter II), resides mostly in Italy and dies there. 

987 Hugh Capet deprives the Carlovingians of the dominion of 
France. Capetians. 

1000 Introduction of Christianity in Hungary {Kino Stephen the 
Saint), Poland, Norway, Sweden and Russia {Vladimir the Great, 
of the house Rtcric and the tribe Varangian). 

1002-1024 Henry II, the Pius. 

1015 Strasburg Cathedral. {Eriuin von Steinbach, 12J5). 

C. The Frankish Emperors, 1024-1125. 

1024-1039 Conrad II. Burgundy attached to the German Empire (1032). 
Truce of God (Treuga Dei). The small feudal Tenures become 
hereditary. 

1034 Ferdinand the Great unites the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon; 
under him and his descendants the Cid {died 1099) fights victori- 
ously against the Moors. Aragon. Navarre. 

1039-1056 Henry III. Strong development of Imperial power against 
Hierarchy. 
1046 Synod of Sutri ; after that at Rome. Henry removes three 
Popes: Benedict IV., Sylvester III., and Gregory VI. 

1054 Separation of the Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) 
Churches. 
1056-1106 Henry IV. His Tutors: Hanno of Cologne and Adelbert of 
Bremen. Wars with the Saxons. Battle near the Unstrut (1075). 
Contest ivilh Gregory VII. {HUdebrand) about Investiture and 
Simony. Celibacy of the clergy. 



1066 Edward the Confessor ~j~(io42.) William the Conqueror establishes 

the dominion of the Normans in England by his victory over 
Harold II. , at Hastings. 

1077 Gregory VII. Penance of the excommunicated Emperor, 
Henry IV., at Canossa. Rudolph of Swabia,king in opposition 
to Henry, falls in a battle on the Elstcr (1080) ; then Hermann of 
Luxemburg suppressed. 

Henry takes Rome (1084). Ravages of the Normans. 
Gregory dies in exile' at Salermo (1085). 
Robert Guiscard and the Normans in Southern Italy. 
Wars with his sons, Conrad and Henry; his abdication, 1106. 



{Third Period: From the Beginning of the Crusades to their End. 
1096- 1 2 jo A. D.) 

1096-1270 The Crusades. 

1096-1099 First Crusade. Pope Urban II. Peter of Amiens, the 
Hermit. Godfrey of Bouillon. Council of Clermont (1095). Con- 
quest of ferusalem (1099). 

1106-1125 Henry V. The end of the contest about Investiture through 
the Concordat of Worms (1122). 

1125-1137 Lothaire of Saxony. Beginning of the hostilities between the 
Ghibellines and Guelfs. 

The Duchy of Saxony ceded to the Guelfs. The Guelf Henry, the 
Proud, Lothaire's son-in-law. 

1 130 Foundation of the oldest Universities : Salermo, Bologna, Paris. 

D. Emperors of the Hohenstaufen (1 138-1250). 

1 1 38-1 1 52 Conrad HI. of Hohenstaufen. Hostilities between the Ghibel- 
lines and Guelfs. 

1 140 Siege of Weinsberg. 



27 

1147-1149 Second Crusade. Bernhard of Clairvaux. 
Conrad III. and Louis I 'II. of France. 

1 147 Alphonso I, First King of Portugal. 

1 1 52-1 190 Frederick I. Barbarossa. Wars with Italy and Alexander III. 
(n 54-1 176). Milan destroyed (1162). 

(11 54) His coronation at Rome; Arnold of Brescia. 

Henry the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Saxony and 
Bavaria. His resistance against the Emperor. 

(1176) Frederick I. defeated near Legnano. 
Reconciliation with the Pope Alexander III., at Venice. 

(1177) Armistice. Henry the Lion banished (1 180). 
Peace of Constance (1 183). 

1 1 54-1 189 Henry II., King of England, of the House of Anjou or Planta- 
genet. TJiomas Becket ( 1 1 70). Conquest of Ireland ( 1 172). 

1189-1192 Third Crusade. Frederick I. drowned in the river Calycad- 
nus (1190). Philip II. Augustus of France. Richard Cceur de 
Lion. Saladin. Leopold of Austria. 

The Order of Knights Templar, Knights of St. John (11 18) 
(Johanniterritter) and the Teutonic Order (1190). 

1190-1197 Henry VI. of Germany conquers the Sicilian kingdom. 

1 198-1208 Philip ofSio/abia (assassinated 1208) and Otho 11'. of Brunswick 
(1 198—121 5) rival Emperor. Civil wars. 
Innocent III. 1 198-1216. The Papacy on the summit of its power. 

1 199-12 16 fohn, Sans-terre or Lackland. Magna Charta, 121 5. 

1202-1204 Fourth Crusade. Conquest of Constantinople 'by the Crusaders. 

Latin Empire (1 204-1 261). 

Baldwin, Count of Flanders. 
1206-1227 Tamajin or Genghis Khan, the terrible Mongolian Conqueror. 



1209-1229 Crusades against the Albigenses and Wa/denses in South 
France. Raymond of Toulouse. Simon de Monfort. 
Orders of mendicant friars: Dominicans and Franciscans. 
Institution of the Inquisition by Innocent III. (121 5). 

1215-1250 Frederick II. the Great Hopenstalff.n. Contests with 
the Popes, Gregory IX. and Innocent IV. and the Lombard cities. 
Hat tie of Carte Nuova, J2jy. King Enzio. Council of the Church 
at Lyons, 1245. Henry Raspe and William of Holland the Anti- 
Emperors. Revolt of Henry against his father, Frederick II. 
Manfred. 

1227 Battle of Bomdoved. Adolph I]', of Schaumburg, aided by 
Lubeck {Alex, of Soltwedel), Hamburg and the Dithmarsians, de- 
feats King Waldemar II. of Denmark. Lubeck, a free city. 
Hamburg remains under the sovereignty of the Counts of Holstein. 

1217-1221 Fifth Crusade. Honorius III. Andrew II. of Hungary 
— without result. 

1228 Sixth Crusade under Frederick II. Jerusalem ceded to the 
Christians by treaty for ten years. 
Conrad of Marsovia calls upon the Teutonic Order (Hermann of 
Salza) to fight against the Pagan Prussians. 

1237 Russia subjugated by the Mongolians. 

1241 Alliance between Hamburg and Lubeck for the safety of inter- 
course by land and water. Hanseatic League. 

1241 The Mongolians penetrate into Germany and are victorious 
UNDER Batoi' Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), near Lif.gm.tz 
or Waldstadt, but retreat into Hungary. Golden Horde. 

1250 and 1270 The unsuccessful Crusades of Louis IX., the Saint 
into Egypt and Tunis. End of the Crusades. 

1248 Beginning of the erection of the Cathedral of Cologne. 

1250-1254 Conrad II'. William of Holland (~~ 1256) anti-Emperor. 



1254-1273 The Interregnum: The titular kings — Richard, Earl of Corn- 
wall and Alphonso of Castile. 
1260 Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, executed at Naples. 

Charles of Anjou. 
1282 Sicilian Vespers. 

{Fourth Period: From the Find of the Crusades to the Reformation. 
127&-1517 A.D.) 

E. Emperors of the different Houses, 1273-1347. 
1273-1291 Rudolph of Hapsburg. 

Restoration of order in the Empire. Victory over Ottocar II. of 
Bohemia in the battle on the Marckfeld (1278). Foundation of the 
{Hapsburg) House of Austria. 

1 291 Acre (Ptolemais), the last possession of the Christians in 
Palestine lost. 60,000 Christians perish. 

1 292- 1 298 Adolphus of Nassau. The Thuringian succession contest. 

1298-1308 Albert I. Tin: Swiss Confederacy defends its Inde- 
pendence AGAINST TIIIC CLAIMS <>F THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA. 

Tell and Gessler. 
Assassination of Albert by John Parricida (1308). 
Victories of the Swiss at Morgarten (131 5). at Sempach (1386; 

Winkelried) and at Nafels (1388). 
About 1300. Invention of the compass and of linen paper. 

1303 Pope Boniface VIII. His quarrels with Philip 11'., tin- Fair, of 
France. 
1305-1376 The Popes in Avignon (the so-called Babylonian exile). 
The great Schism (1378-1417). 

1308-1313 The energetic Emperor, Henry VII, of the House of 
Luxemburg. Contests in Italy. 

1312 Destruction of the Knights Templars in France through 
Philip IV. Jacob de Molay ("|~ 1 314). 



I3i4 -I 347 Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria (1325-1330). 

Battle of Miihldorf (1322). Louis quarrels with the Popes, fohn XXII. 
and Benedict XII. 

1338 The Electoral Reunion at Rense. 

1 32 1 Dante Alighieri dies. 
Claims of the English to the succession of France. 
Philip VI. of France, first ruler of the House of Valois (1328). 

1340-1450 JJar between England and France. Victories of the English by 
Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince, at Crecy (1346), and at 
Maupertuis (1356) near Poitiers. Bertrand du Gucselin, constable 
of France, dies 1380. Victory of the English at Agincourt by 
Henry J". (141 5). Charles VII. The Maid of Orleans (1430), 
foan of Atr. 

F. The Luxemburg Emperors, 1 347-1437. 

1347-1378 Charles IV., of Bohemia. Gunther of Schwarzburg, rival Em- 
peror (dies 1349). 

1347 Nicola di Rienzi, the Roman tribune. 

1348 A plague — The Black Death — raged throughout Europe. 
Foundation of the first German University at Prague. 

1356 Law of the "Golden Bull" for the election of Emperors. 

1360 Wickliffe at Oxford. Chaucer, the morning star of English 
Poetry. F. Petrarch (~|~ 1374). 

1378-1400 Wenceslaus of Bohemia ("" 1419). 
Great disturbances in Germany. 

1379 I'nion of the three Scandinavian Empires (Norway, Denmark, and 
Sweden), by the Union of Cohnar through Margaret of Denmark. 

1400 Prosperity of "The Hansa." 

1402 Timurlenk or Tamerlane, the Mongolian Conqueror. 
Battle of Angora. Bajazet I. 



31 

1400-14 1" Rupert of the Palatinate, German Emperor. 
1410-141 1 Jossus of Moravia, German Emperor. 
1409 Synod of Pisa. Three Popes, 
1410-1437 Sigismund of Hungary, German Emperor. 

In the first year of his reign also three emperors. Transfer of the 

Mark Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of 

Nuremburg. 

1414-1418 Council of Constance. John Huss. 

Abdication of the three Popes. Martin V., sole Pope. 
Burning of John Huss (141 5) and Jerome of Prague. 
Calixtincs and Taborites. John Ziska and the two Hussite generals, 
named Procopius. Wars of the Hussites (1419-1436). 

141 5 Conquest of Ceuta, by the Portuguese in Africa; Discoveries 
by the Portuguese, West Coast of Africa; the Sailor Prince Henry. 
I 43 I " I 443 Council of Basel. Settlement of the Hussite hostilities. 

G. The Hapsburg Emperors, 1438-1806. 

143S-1439 Albert II. of Austria. 

1440 Invention of Printing by John Guttenbekg. 

1440 Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, dies. 
Frederick II. (Ironsides). 
1 440- 1 49 3 Frederick III. 

His quarrels with Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and George 

Podicbrad of Bohemia. 
Austria comes into possession of the Burgundian Netherlands 

through the marriage of Maximilian with Mary of Burgundy. 
Victories of the Swiss over Charles the Bold of Burgundv, at 
Granson, Morat, and Nancy (1476-1477). 

1447 Cosmo of Medici in Florence. Lorenzo of Medici ("I" 1492). 

1450 The house of Sforza succeeds the house of Visconti in Milan. 
Prosperity of Genoa and Venice. 



1453 Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks. 
End of the East Roman or Creek Empire. 

Creek Literature in the West. Sciences : Agricola, Reuchlin, 
Erasmus. 

1450-1490 John Hunniades, Matthias Corvinus and Scanderbeg fight against 
the Turks, who invade Hungary. 

1455-1485 "Wars of the red and white Roses in England (Houses of Lan- 
caster and ] ork). Breaking of the power of Parliament. Battle of 
Bosworth (1485). Richard III. defeated by Henry VII. (Earl of 
Richmond), founder of the house of Tudor. 

1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile; Union of 
both Empires; Spain (1479). 

1477 Ivan (VasilievitcJi) expels the Mongols and becomes Ruler of the 
whole of Russia (1492). 

1483 Nov. 10th. Martin Luther born at Eisleben. 

1492 Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. 

Conquest of Granada, the last possession of the Moors in Spain. 
Acquisition of Naples and Sicily by the Spaniards. 
Introduction of the Inquisition in Spain. Torquemada, inquisitor- 
general. 
Expulsion of the Jews from Spanish Dominions (1492). 
1497. Philip Mclancthon born at Bretton in the Palatinate. 

1493-1519 Maximilian I., " The last Knight." Italian wars with the Kings 
of France (Charles VIII, Louis XII., and Francis I.) for possession 
of Milan, Venice and Naples. Victory of Francis I. at Marignano 
(i5>5)- 
Diet at Worms (1495). A Perpetual National Peace proclaimed. 
Aulic Council — the institution of a Supreme Court of the German 
Empire (1495). Division of the Empire into ten Districts: The 
Austrian, Bavarian, Swabian, Franconian, Upper-Rhenish, Electoral- 
Rhenish, Burgundian, Westphalian, Lower Saxon and Upper Saxon 
(1512). 



33 

I493 -I 498 Girolamo Savonarola, the reformatory preacher of penitence 
and the Prophet of Florence. 

1498 Vasco de Gama discovers for Portugal the maritime way to the East 
Indies. 
Sailing around the Cape of Good Hope by Bartholomew Diaz (i486). 
1498-1589 The House of Orleans in France. Louis XII. 

1508 League of Cambray between the Emperor Maximilian, Louis 
XII. of France, Ferdinand of Spain, and the Pope Julius II., against 
Venice. 

1 51 1 Holy League between Venice, Spain, the Pope, Emperor 
Maximilian and England, against Louis XII. of France. 

1510 Hamburg a free city. 




^^r^ 



HI. MODERN HISTORY. 

FEOM THE PREFORMATION TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
(1517-1789.) 

First Period : From the Reformation to the Westphalian Peace (i 517-1648). 
Second Period : From the Westphalian Peace to the Death of Louis 
XIV. (1648-17 1 5). Third Period: From the Death of Louis XIV. to 
the French Revolution (1715—1789). 

{First Period: From the Reformation to the Westphalian Prate, 15 17-1648). 

1517 Dr. Martin Luther, on the 31st October, posts 95 Theses 

against the Sale of Indulgences on the Door of the 
Castle-Chapel of Wittenberg. Tetzel, Dominican monk. 
Philip Melancthon, friend of Luther. 

Causes of the Reformation : the growing worldliness of the Church in 
doctrine, morals and culture; and the oppression of the Hierarchy 
exercised against the reawakened spiritual Life of the times, which 
was promoted especially by the invention of printing, restoration of 
science, the study of the ancient languages, and the recent discov- 
eries. Luther: Augustine monk (1505); Professor in Wittenberg 
(1508); Luther in Rome (15 10). 

1 51 3 Leo X. Pope of the Medici family. Building of St. Peter's 
Church in Rome. Arts flourishing in Italy. Painters : Leo?iardo 
da Vinci, Michel Angelo, Raphael Sanzio, Titian, Correggio. 
Architects : Bramante, Palladio. Musician : Palestrina. 

1 518 Ulrich Zwingli appears as Reformer of German Switzerland in 

Zurich. 

Luther's debate with Cardinal Cajetanus in Augsburg (1518), with 
Karl von Miltitz in Altenburg, and with Dr. Eck in Leipsic (15 19). 

1519-1556 Charles V., Ruler of Germany, Burgundy, Spain, Sicily, 
Naples and the Spanish colonies in America. 

1519-1522 First Voyage around the World. Ferdinand Mage lhaen. 



35 

1520 Luther burns the Pope's Bull of Excommunication at the Elster gate 

of Wittenburg. 

1 52 1 Diet at Worms. Luther's energetic stand before the Emperor and 

Empire. Luther proscribed. His refuge in the Wartburg Castle, 
near Eisenach, through his protector, Frederick the Wise, of Saxony. 
His translation of the Bible (1522) commenced. 

1 521-1526 War between Charles V. and Francis I. of France. 

Bayard, "the Knight without fear and blemish" ("j~ 1524). 

1525 Defeat and capture of Francis I. at Pavia. Peace of Madrid (1 526) 
Francis I, resigns his claim to Burgundy and Italy. 

1 52 1 Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortez. Montezuma. Gustavus 

Vasa drives the Danes out of Sweden. Christian II. of Denmark. 
Massacre at Stockholm (Nov., 1520). 

1522 Luther returns from the Wartburg to Wittenberg on account of icon- 

oclastic disturbances and doctrines (Carlsladt). 

1523 Death of Luther's princely followers : Ulrich von Hutten and 
Francis von Stickingen. 

1525 Peasant War in France and Swabia. 

The 12 articles of the Peasants. Thomas Mu'nzer, their leader. 

Battle of Frankenhausen. 

Frederick the Wise, dies. John the Constant, succeeds him. 

The Reformation in Prussia {Albert of Brandenburg : Prussia an 

hereditary Dttchy) , in Hesse (Philip the Generous) , 1525-1536 

in Switzerland (Zwingli, Farel, Calvin). 
Art in Germany : Albert Durer, Lucas Cranach and Hans Holbein, 

Peter Fischer. The poet, Hans Sachs. 

1 526 Diet at Spires. 

1 527-1 529 Second War of Charles V. against Francis I. 

The Pope siding with the French. Storming of Rome by the Im- 
perials under Charles of Bourbon (1527). 
Peace of Cambray. 



1 529 Introduction of the Reformation into Sweden by Gustavus Vasa. 

1529 Diet at Spires. Seven reigning Princes and 15 imperial cities joined 

in a solemn protest against the resolutions of this Diet. Hence the 
name Protestants. 

1529 Luther's Larger and Smaller Catechism. 
Dispute between Luther and Zwingli at Marburg. 
The Turks before Vienna. Sultan Soliman II. 

1530 Diet at Augsburg. Presentation of the Protestant Confession of 

Faith (Confessio Augustana). 

1 531 Alliance of the Protestant Princes and Delegates at Smalcald. 
League of Schmaikalden. 

1 531 Peru conquered by Francisco Pizarro. 

1532 Religious Peace of Nuremberg. Charles V., harassed by the 
Turks, permits religious freedom to the Protestants. 

1533 L. Ariosto ~|~. 71 Tasso (~|~ 1595). 

1534 Disturbances caused by the Anabaptists in Miinster. 
John Bockold of Ley den. 
Charles V.'s expeditions to Tunis (fjjj) and Algiers {1541). 

1 536-1 538 and 1 542-1 544. The last wars between Charles V. and 
Francis I. Peace of Crespy. Charles resigns his claims to Bur- 
gundy and Francis his claims to Italy. 

1539 John Calvin {Jean Chauvin) begins the Reformation in Geneva. 
Spread of Calvinism in France and Scotland. 

1539 Institution of the Order of the Jesuits by Ignatius Loyola. 

1 540 Confirmation of the Order by Paul III. 

1 543 Nicolas Copernicus, the astronomer "J". 

1545 Beginning of the Council of Trent. 
1546 Luther dies at Eisleben (18th February). 



37 

546 and 1547 Schmalkalden war. Charles V. gains a victory at Muhlberg 

on the Elbe and takes the Elector John Frederick the Generous, 

prisoner. The Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, surrenders shortly after. 

Transfer of the Saxon Electorship with the larger part of Saxony to 

Maurice of Saxony. 

1547 Henry VIII., King of England ~|~; Edward VI. 
Francis I,, King of France "T; Henry II. 

1 547 Andreas Doria in Genoa. 

1 548 Augsburg Interim. 

552 Hostile demonstration and successful campaign of Maurice of Saxony 
against Charles V. 
Henry II. of France takes Toul, Metz, and Verdun. 
Treaty of Passau. (1553) Maurice "I" Battle of Sievershausen. 

555 The Religious Peace of Augsburg. "Peace of Religion." 

Concession of Religious Liberty and perfect equality before the Law 

of the Reformation to the secular Order of the Empire. 
The spiritual reservation. 

1556 Charles V. abdicates the Imperial Crown and enters the mon- 
astery of St. Just in Spain (i~ 1558). 

: 556-1 564 Ferdinand I. {brother of Charles V) Wars with the Turks in 
Hungary. Sultan Soliman II. 

[556-1598 Philip II, King of Spain. 

He seeks to suppress every liberal movement in State and Church. 
Unites Portugal to Spain, 1580. 

His wife, Mary the Bloody reigns in England (1 553—1 558). 
Execution of fane Gray and Archbishop Cranmer (1554). 

[558-1603 Elizabeth of England. 

{Daughter of Hetiry VI II and Anna Bolcyn ). 
Reformation re-established. High Church. Rapid development of 
external power and internal prosperity of England. The English- 
East India Company (1600). 
William Shakespeare (~P 16 16 ). 



I 559- I 589 France ruled by Francis II, Charles IX., and Henry III. 
(Sons of Catherine of Medici^) Civil wars between the Protestants 
(Huguenots} and the Catholics, the Bourdons, and the Guises [i 562- 
1598 (1628) La Rochelle\ 

1560 Jllelancthon ~\~. Calvin "]" 1564. 

1563 Close of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). Strict separation 
between Catholicism and Protestantism. 

1 564- 1 576 Maximilian II, friend of the Protestants. 

1565-1609 Revolt and War of the United Netherlands against 
Spain. Alba (or Alva). William, Prince of Orange. 

1565 Compromise of the Nobility of the Netherlands to the religious 
and civil oppressions of Spain. Confederacy of the Gueicx 
(Beggars). Margaret of Parma Vicegerent of the Netherlands, 
and her counsellor Cardinal Cranvella. 

1567-1573 Duke Alba (Duke of Alva), Spanish Vice-gerent of the Nether- 
lands. Execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn (1568). 

1 57 1 Battle of Lepanto. John of Austria, half brother of Philip II., 
defeats the whole maritime force of the Turks and completely 
checked their progress. 

1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew (24th August). 
Assassination of Admiral Coliguy. 

1 572 -1 58 5 Pope Gregory XIII. The new Gregorian Calendar (1582) hith- 
erto the Julian. Improvement of the code of canonical laws. 

1572 Sigismund II, i". The last Polish king of the Jagcllon dynasty. 
Henceforth Poland an electoral Empire. 

l$j7-jj8o Sir Francis Drake. High Admiral of England, circum- 
navigated the Globe. 
1579 Luis Camoens "I"; Portuguese poet. 

1579 The seven northern (Protestant) Provinces unite through the Alliance 
of Utrecht. William of Orange. Total separation of the Nether- 
lands from Spain. 



1584 William of Orange assassinated. His son, Maicrice, at the 
head of the States-General, Stadtholder. 

1 585-1 590 Pope Six t 'us V. His imperious temper. 

Energetic administration of the States of the Church. 
Embellishment of Rome. 

1^6-1612 Rudolph II. 

1 587 Execution of Mary Stuart. 

1 588 Destruction of the Spanish Armada. 

1589 Assassination of Henry III. of France. 
End of the house Valois. 

1 589-1610 Henry IV., of Navarre, the first French king of the house of 
Bourbon. Himself Protestant at first, he favors the Protestants 
after his conversion to Catholicism. Excellent administration of 
State. His minister Sully. 

1598 The Edict of Nantes in favor of the Protestants. 

1600 Cervantes. Lope de Vega. 
Astronomers Galileo and Kepler. 

1603-1625 fames I. (Stuart) in England. 

1605 Gunpowder plot of the Catholics against the Parliament. 

1609 Armistice between the Netherlands and Spain. 
The United Provinces become a great naval power. 
East India Company. 

1 619-1642 The Hollanders discover New Holland and Van Diemen's 
Land (Tasmania). 

1 630- 1690 Art in the Netherlands, Rubens, Van Dyke, Rembrandt, 
Teuiers. 

1610 Henry IV. assassinated in Paris by Francis Ravaittac. Louis XIII. 
(1610-1643). 



40 
1612-1619 Matthias, Emperor of Germany. 

Renewal of hostilities between the Protestants and Catholics. 
The Protestant Union {Frederick of the Palatinate) and the Catholic 
League {Maximilian of Bavaria\. 

1613 Michael, of the house of Romanoff". Czar of Muscovy. 

1618-1648 Thirty Years War. Tilly. Wallenstein. Gustavus 
Adolphus. 

1 61 8-1 62 5 The Bohemian- Palatine Period. 

Victory of the Catholics over the South German Protestants. 

1 61 8 Violation of the Imperial Charter and revolt of the Protestants. 
Bohemians in Prague. Matthias, Count of Thun, at the head of 
the movement. 

1 61 9 Frederick V. of the Palatinate elected King of Bohernia by the Bohe- 
mians after the death of King Matthias. 

1 6 1 9— 1 639 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany. 

He is in favor of Catholicism, and of the growth of the power of 
the house Hapsburg. 

[620 Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, Frederick J', defeated 
by Tilly and Maximilian of Bavaria, flees from Bohemia and is 
outlawed. Extirpation of Protestantism and national Independence 
in Bohemia. 

1621 Dissolution of the Protestant Union, 1622 and 1623. The Prot- 
estant partisans, Margrave George Frederick of Baden, Ernest 
Mansfeld, and Duke Christian of Brunswick (Battles — Wislock, 
Wimpen), defeated and expelled by Tilly. 
Maximilian of Bavaria becomes Elector Palatine (1623J. 

1625-1630 The Danish Low- German Petiod. North German Protestants 
conquered by the Emperor. 

1625 Alliance between the Low-German Imperial States and Chris- 
tian IV. of Denmark. Tilly and the new Imperial-General, Albert 
of Waldstein ( Wallenstein) penetrate into North Germany. 



41 
1626 Tilly defeats Christian 2 V. at Lutter. 

Before this Wallenstein defeated Count of Mansfeld at Dessau. 
Wallenstein, "Admiral of the Baltic and the Ocean" and Duke 
of Mecklenburg (1628). 

Seige of Stralsund (1629). 

1629 Peace at Lubeck between Denmark and the Emperor. 

The "Edict of Restitution" demanded that all the former territory 
of the Roman Church, which had become Protestant, should be 
restored to Catholic hands. 
1630 Diet in Ratisbon. Wallenstein dismissed, succeeded by Tilly. 

1630-1635 The Swedish-German Period. The Protestants at first have the 
advantage. 

1630 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, comes to assist the 

Protestants in Germany. 

Treaty of Subsidies between Sweden and France {Cardinal 
Richelieu ). 

163 1 Conquest of Magdeburg by Tilly. Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly 

at Breitenfeld and enters Thuringia and Franconia. 

1632 Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly on the Lech and enters 
Bavaria. (Tilly dies of his wounds at Ingolstadt). Wallenstein 
reinstated as Imperial Generalissimo. 

1632 Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein defeated and Gustavls 

Adolphus killed. 

The Chancellor Axel Oxenstiern and Duke Bernard of Weimar 

direct the affairs of the Protestants after the death of Gustavus 

Adolphus. 

1634 Wallenstein assassinated at Eger. Victory of Archduke Ferdinand 
over the Swedes (under Bernhard of Weimar and Count Horn) at 
Nordlingcn. Peace of Prague with Saxony (1635). 



42 

1 63 5-1648 Swedish-French Period. The long vascillating fortune of war at 
length inclines to the side of the Protestants. 

France (led by Richelieu, and since 1642 by Mazarin) takes, con- 
trary to her internal policy, the part of the Protestants in Ger- 
many. On the side of the Protestants are the generals: Banner, 
Torstenson and Wrangel, Turenne, Bernard of Weimar ("J" 1639), 
and Konigsmark ; on the side of the Imperials the Generals 
Gal las, G'dtz and John of Werth. 

1636 Banner defeats the Saxons and Austriajis at Wittstock. 
1637-1657 Ferdinand III., German Emperor. Desires to end the war. 

1640 Portugal regains her Independence. House of Braganza. 
Torstenson defeats the Austrians at Brietenfeld (1642) and at 
Jankowitz (1645). 

1643 Beginning of the Peace Congress. 

1 647 Maximilian of Bavaria forced to an Armistice by Wrangel 
and Marshal Turenne. 

Insurrection of Masaniello {Thomas Aniello) in Naples, occasioned 
by the extortions of the Spanish Viceroys. 

1648 Konigsmark takes part of Prague by storm. 

1648 Peace of Westphalia at Munster and Osnabruck. Granting 
equal Rights to the Protestants (Lutherans and Reformed) 
with the Catholics, in Religious and Civil Things. 

Regulation of the state of possession according to the state of affairs 
in 1619 and 1624. Granting sovereignty to the Princes of the 
Empire. Introduction of an eighth Electoral Vote through the 
restoration of the Palatine Electorate. Cession of Austrian 
Alsace to France and of Northern Pomerania to Sweden with 
Rugen and Stettin, Wismar and the Archbishoprics Bremen and 
Verden. (Idemnification of Brandenburg by Southern Pomerania, 
Magdeburg and some Bishoprics.) 

The Independence of Switzerland and Holland acknowledged. 



{Second Period : From the Westphalian Peace to the Death of 
Louis XIV. 1 648-1 7 1 5.) 

1640-1688 Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg. 
Reception of the fugitive French Protestants. 

Good State administration and successful wars with Poland, Sweden 
and France. 

1643-1715 Louis XIV. of France. 

Development of the highest kingly power (L/etat c / est moi. Lettres 
de cachet.). About 1650 civil wars of the Fronde. Numerous wars 
of France with neighboring States. 

France exercises decided influence over all Europe by her policy 
(Ministers Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois), her culture and literature 
{Moltere, Comcille, Racine, Bossouet, Fenelo?i). The kingdom at 
first attains great prosperity under Louis, but sinks at last into 
great misery through his administration and policy. Persecution 
of the Protestants. {Madame de Maintenon). 

The philosophers Descartes (1630) and Spinoza (1660) in Holland. 

1649-1660 England a Republic. Cromwell. Charles I. {Stuart) 

1625-164^. His quarrels with the Parliaments. 

Battles of Marston Moor and Nasby, 1644 and 1645. (Puritans and 
Independents). Execution of Charles I. (1649). Oliver Crom- 
well (1635, Protector) leads England with energy and raises it to 
European significance. Act of Navigation (1651). Successful 
wars with Spain and Holland. 

After Cromwell's death (1658) General Monk re-establishes Mon- 
archy. The ^o^X Milton ~|~ 1674. 
1654 Christina of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus' daughter, abdicates 

and afterwards turns Romanist ("I" 1689 in Rome). 

1657 Treaty of Wehlau. The Dukedom of Prussia, which, in 161S 
came by inheritance into the possession of John Sigismund of 
Brandenburg, becomes through Frederick William I. independent 
of the Polish supremacy, under which it was since its origin (1525). 
Confirmation of this treaty by the Peace of Oliva (1660). 



44 

1660 Through the Lex regia, female succession and unrestricted 
royal power is introduced in Denmark (with exception of the 
Duchies). 

1658-1705 Leopold I {Son of Ferdinand III.). The Turks and French 
harass Germany. 

1659 First war of Louis XIV. with Spain (since 1635) is ended by 
the Peace of the Pyrenees. France gets the provinces Artois and 
Roussillon. 

1 660-1685 Charles II. of England. Whigs and Tories. Cabal 
Ministry. Test Act (1673). Habeas Corpus Act (1679). 
The Quaker William Pe>m and his colony Pennsylvania (1682). 

1667-166S Second war of Louis XIV. with Spain. Conquests in the 
Spanish Netherlands. England, Holland and Sweden (Triple 
Alliance) force France to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), and 
to the restitution of the conquests in the Netherlands, except twelve 
fortified places. 

1672-1679 War of Vengeance of Louis XIV. against Holland. 

William III. of Orange, hereditary Stadtholder. The French fight 
with success under Turenne ( j 1675 at Salzbacli) and Condc. 
The Dutch naval hero, De Ruyter. 
Peace of Nymwegen (1679). 

Spain, the ally of Holland, cedes to France the Franche-Comte and 
twelve fortresses. 

1675 Battle of Fchrbeliin. Frederick William of Brandenburg defeats the 
Swedes and the French. 

1680 Institution of the Chambers of Reunion in Alsace and Lorraine. 

1 68 1 Capture of Strasburg by the French. 

1683 Vienna besieged by the Turks, and relieved by John Sobieski (King 
of Poland) and Charles of Lorraine. Field Marshal Starhemberg, 
defender of Vienna. Victories of the Austrians under Eugene of 
Savoy in Hungary. 



1687 Battle of Mohacz. Defeat of the Turks. Charles of Lorraine 
and Max Emanuel of Bavaria. 
1685 Louis XIV. revokes the Edict of Nantes. Dragonnades. 
Emigration of 500,000 Huguenots. 

The insurrection of the Camisards in the Cevennes (Mountains in 
South France) ended in 1705. Marshal Villars. 

1688 Second English Revolution. Expulsion of the Catholic king, James II. 
William III., hereditary Stadtholder of Holland, elected King of 

England (1689). Bill of Rights. 
William III. takes the lead of the Alliance of the Powers inimical 

to Louis XIV. {Quadruple Alliance between Austria, Spain, 

Holland and Swedoi). 

1688-1697 War of Louis XIV. against the Augsburg Alliance {Austria, 
Spain, England, Holland and Savoy). {Palatine War). 

The causes of it : The Chambers of Reunion and the Palatine 
Succession dispute. Devastation of the Palatinate by the French. 
Naval victories of the English. The French are victorious in 
Italy under Cartinat {Staffarda 1690) and in the Netherlands 
under Marshal Luxemburg. 
1697 Peace of Fysivick. Louis XIV. keeps a large part of his 

acquisitions. 

1689-1725 Peter the Great o? Russia. He conquers the Swedish 
provinces on the Baltic and several Persian districts, and raises 
Russia to a European power. Introduction of European culture 
and institutions in Russia. 

1692 Instalment of the ninth Electorate (Hanover) in Germany. 

1699 Peace of Carowitz between Austria and Turkey, favorable to 
Austria. 

1701 The Duchy of Prussia, united to Brandenburg; made a Kingdom. 
Frederick III. (son of the Great Elector), as Frederick I. first King 
of Prussia. Leibnitz, philosopher and mathematician. 



46 

1700-1721 Northern War. Charles XII. 

Alliance of Russia, Denmark, Poland and Saxony against Charles 
XII. of Sweden. Sweden deprived of her power gained by 
Gustavus Adolphus. Peace of Travendale between Denmark 
and Sweden. 

1700 diaries XII defeats the Russians at Narva. 

1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession. Prince Eugene and 
Marlborough. 

Cause: Contest of the will of Charles II. of Spain, by which 
Philip ( V.) of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV.) was to become 
king, by Austaia, England, Holland and Prussia. The allied 
powers bring forward Charles III. (son of the Emperor Leopold) 
as Pretendent against Philip. The war at first very disastrous for 
Louis XIV. 

1702-17 14 Anne (daughter of James II.), Queen of England. 

1703 Foundation of St. Petersburg. Poland conquered by Charles XII. 
Stanislaus Lecszinsky made King of Poland by Charles XII., instead 
of August II. the Strong. 

1703 Handel in Hamburg ("j" 1759 in London); Sebastian Bach in 
Leipzig ("j" 1750). 

1704 Eugene of Savoy and Marlborough defeat the French at Blenheim 
near Hochstadt. (1704) Gibraltar taken by the English. 

1705-17 1 1 Joseph I, Emperor of Germany. 

1706 Charles XII. advances from Poland into Saxony, compelling her to 
make peace at Altranstadt and to relinquish her claims to Poland. 
Marlborough defeats the French at Ramillies, Prince Eugene at 
Turin. 

1709 Battle of Pultawa in Ukraine. 

Charles XII. is defeated and has to flee to the Turks. 
Poland is given back to August of Saxony. 

Marlborough and Eugene defeat the French at Oudenarde (170S) 
and at Malplaquet (1709). 



171 1 Joseph I. dies and Charles, the Pretendent of Spain, becomes Emperor. 

The French are victorious in Spain. 

1711-1740 Charles VI, Emperor of Germany. The Pragmatic Sanction, 
fixing the succession to his daughter, Maria Theresa. 

17 1 2 England retires from the Alliance with Austria, and recalls Marl- 

borough. 

171 3 Peace of Utrecht. France, England, Holland, Savoy and Prussia. 

Spain goes to Philip V., Sicily to Savoy. England receives 
Gibraltar 'and Minorca from Spain, and Acadia, Xova Scotia, New- 
foundland and the Hudson's Pay Territory from France. Prussia 
recognized a Kingdom. 

17 14 Peace of Rastadt in Baden. France and Germany. Austria receives 

Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, Mantua and the Island of 

Sardinia. 

France retains Landau, Alsatia and Slrasburg. 

( Third Period : From the Death of Louis XIV. to the French Revolu- 
tion, /7/5-17S9.) 

1715-1774 Louis XV. (great grandson of Louis XIV.), King of France. 

The immoral Philip of Orleans has the regency until 1723. 

Increasing corruption of morality and decay of prosperity in France 
(Dubois, Marquise de Pompadour). The Scotchman Law and his 
financial measures — the "Mississippi Scheme" Literary antagon- 
ism in State and Church. 

1714-1721 George I., King of England. (Elector of Hanover). 
Great Britain under the House of Brunswick. 

The Pretender James III. insurrection suppressed. 
Isaac Newton ("I" 1727). 

1 7 14 Charles XII returns to his kingdom after an absence of five 
years in Bender and Demotica in Turkey. 

17 1 6 and 17 17 Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Peterwardein and 
Belgrade. Peace of Passaroivitz, 171S. 



48 

1718 Charles XII. killed at the siege of Fredericks hall in his campaign 
against Norway. 
His sister Ulrica Eleanora. 
Dominion of the Aristocracy in Sweden. Execution of Minister Gorz. 

1720 Peace of Stockholm between Sweden, English-Hanover, Prussia and 

Denmark. 

1721 Peace of Nystadt between Russia and Sweden. End of Northern war. 
1727-1760 George II. of England. Charles Edward, son of James III. 

Pretender, makes a last attempt of the Stuarts to regain the British 
throne. Battle of Culloden (1746). Ministry of Walpole. 

J 733 -I 735 (!738)- Polish war of succession between Stanislaus 
Lecssinsky and August II. of Saxony. Peace of Vienna. Stanis- 
laus as indemnification for Poland is given the Duchy of Lorraine, 
and the Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine receives the Grand- 
duchy of Tuscany. Recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction given 
by Charles VI. for the succession of his daughter, Maria Theresa. 
Don Carlos of Spain receives Naples and Sicily. 

1740-1786 Frederick II. the Great, King of Prussia. 

Prussia becomes one of the great Powers of Europe through suc- 
cessful wars and excellent administration. 

Era of Enlightenment. German Literature. 
1 740- 1 780 Maria Theresa. 

1740 First Silesia n War. (1742). 

Cause: Frederick's II. claim to Silesia. 

1741 Battle of Molhvitz. Marshal Schwerin defeats the Austrians. 
1741-1748 War of the Austrian Succession. 

France, Spain, Naples, Saxony and Bavaria, allied with Prussia, 
contest the Succession of Maria Theresa. Maurice of Saxony, 
General of the French, is victorious in the Netherlands. The 
Hungarians assist the Empress to drive the Bavarians out oi 
Austria. Frederick //makes peace at Breslau (s/42). Silesia 
becomes Prussian. Charles of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany, 
under the name of Charles VII. (/r/2-/~^j). 



1744 1745 Second Silesian War. 

Frederick fights for the hard-pressed Charles VII. against Austria. 
Battles of Hohcnfriedberg and Sorr. Peace of Dresden. Fred- 
erick II. keeps Silesia, and after the death of Charles 171, recog- 
nizes Maria Theresa's husband, Francis of Lorraine, as German 
Emperor. 

1745-1765 Francis /. German Emperor. 

1748 Austria's Peace with France at Aix-la-Chapelle and confirmation of 
the Peace ,>/' Dresden. 

1756-1763 Seven Years War. Frederick II. and Maria Theresa. 
Cause: Austria's endeavor to regain Silesia. 
Frederick's enemies: Austria (Minister Kaunitz). 
France (Louis XV. and the Marquise de Pompadour). 
Russia (Empress Elizabeth), Saxony (August III. and Minister 

Briihl) and Sweden. 
Frederick's allies: England, George II., William Pitt {the great 

Chatham), Hanover, Brunswick, Gotha and Hesse-Cassel. 

1756 Battle of Lowositz. Frederick defeats the Austria ns. 
Capture of the Austrian Army at Pirna. 

1757 Battles Prague {Marshal Sclnuerin ' "), Kollin, Rossbach and Lcuthen. 
In the battle of Kollin Frederick is defeated by the Austrian Mar- 
shal Daun, but he is victorious in the other three battles. The 
French and the Imperial troops are driven out of Thuringia and 
the Austrians out of Silesia. 

175S Frederick defeats the Russians at Zorndorf {Seidlitz). 

Daun defeats Frederick in the Surprise of Hochkirch. 
1759 Battle of Kunnersdorf '(near Frankfort on the Oder). 

The Austrians and Russians gain a splendid victory under Laudon 

and Soll/kof{K\e\st~\~). 
Capture of the Prussian general Fink with his army at Maxen. 
Frederick defeats Laudon at Liegnitz and Daun at Torgau (Zieten). 
George 111., king of England (1760-1820), pays no more subsidies 
to Prussia. Ministry of Bute and of North. 



50 

1762 Elizabeth of Russia dies. Peter III. becomes ally of Frederick II. 

Peter dethroned by his wife Catherine II. (1 762-1 796). Russia 
remains neutral. Frederick defeats the Austrians at Reichenbach 
and His brother, Prince Henry, at Freiburg. Armistice. 

j 763 Peace of Hubertsburg. 

Confirmation of the former treaties of peace. 

Prussia keeps Silesia and becomes one of the great Powers of Europe. 

The Peace of Paris ends the seven years' naval war with France 
favorable to England. 

Between England, France, Spain and Portugal: 

Cession of Canada to Great Britain by France, and Florida by 
Spain ; Louisiana ceded to Spain. English conquests in the East 
Indies. Lord Clive. fames Cook, the circumnavigator (1 768-1 779). 

1764-1795 Stanislaus II. Augustus Poniatowski, king of Poland. He 
reigns under Russian influence, resigns his sovereignty 1 7 < ) 5 , and 
dies in St. Petersburg, a state prisoner, (179S). 

1765-1790 foscph II, son of Francis I., and Maria Theresa, Emperor of 
Germany (from 17S0 also ruler of Austria). 

Reforms in Austria after the example of Frederick II. 

German Music in Vienna: Cluck (~r 1787), Mozart (~r 1792), 
Haydn ("i" 1809), Beethoven (~j~ 1827). 

1771-1790 Gustavus III., King of Sweden. Assassinated by 
Ankerstrom. 

1772 First Division of Poland hy Maria Theresa, Catherine II. and Fred- 
erick II. 
Austria gets Eastern Galicia and Lodminia, Russia gets Eastern 
Poland, Prussia gets West Prussia (except Danzig and Thorn), 
the district of Netze and Ermeland. 

1773 The Order of the Jesuits abolished by Pope Clement XIV. 
Ganganelli through the Bull Dominus ac redemptor nosier. 



1774 The treaty of Kutschouc Kainardji ends Russia's war (from 
1768) with Turkey. (Burning of the Turkish fleet by the Russians 
at Tchesme (1770). Extension of Russia to the Dnieper; [and the 
Crimea (ultimately 1856) came to Russian possession]. 

1 774-1 792 Louis XVI., King of France. 

Violent opposition in Church and State. 
Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot and Alembert. 
Ministers Nccker, Calonne, and Brienne. 

1774- 1 783 The Revolutionary War of North America. Washing- 
ton. Franklin. 

Cause: The disputes about the Rights of the English Parliament to 
impose taxes on the Colonies. 

American Congress in Philadelphia. 

1776 July 4. Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen 
States of North America. 
Jefferson, Hancock, Adams, Patrick Henry. 
Assistance of France and Spain. 

1780 The great armed neutrality against England, created by Cather- 
ine 11. of Russia. 

1783 Peace of Versailles. Recognition of the Independence of the United 
States. 

Constitution adopted (1788). Washington, first President (~ "1 799). 
Administration of Pitt (son of Lord Chatham) in England (1783— 

1S06). 
Warren Hastings in the East Indies. 

1778-1779 Bavarian war of succession. Cause: The claims of 
Joseph II. to Bavaria after the extinction of the House of Wiltels- 
bach. Frederick II., champion to the legitimate heir, Duke Charles 
Theodore of Deux- Ponts. Peace of Teschen. The Electoral Palat- 
inate and Bavaria form one State. 



1785 Prussia, Hanover, Saxony, and several smaller German States, 
form the German league of princes against Joseph's II. endeavor to 
expand his powers. 

1786-1797 Frederick William II, King of Prussia. 

1 787-1 792 War of Russia and Austria against the Turks. 

Suwaroff, Patemkin and Frederick Josias, Prince of Coburg. 

Peace of Sis/ova with Austria (1791). 

Peace of f assy with Russia (1792). 

Russia extends her dominion to the Dniester. 

German Literature in the last half of this and the first part of the next 
century : Lessing, Klopstock, Herder, Schiller, Wicland, Goethe, 
Kant, Fichtc, Hegel. 

Duke Charles August, of Weimar (1775-1828), protector of German 
art and science. 




IV. LATER HISTORY. 

FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO OUR OWN TIME 1789- 

First Period: From the French Revolution to the Fall of Napoleon (1789- 
181 5). Second Period : From the Fall oj" Napoleon to the Revolution 
of July ( 1 8 1 5- 1 8 30) . Third Period : Fro m the Revolution of July to 
that of February (1 830-1 848). Fourth Period : From the Revolution 
of February to the present time (1848- ). 

(First Period : From the French Revolution to the Fall of Napoleon. 

17S9-1S15). 

1789 The French Revolution. 

Causes: The corruption of society in France, the depressed finan- 
cial condition of the State, the great contrast between the former 
oppression in religion and politics and the sudden progress of 
enlightenment ; finally, the participation of France in the war of 
independence in North America. 
Convocation of Notables through Ca/onne, and of the States-general 
of France through Necker. 

1789-1791 The Constituent Assembly. Mirabeau. France a Constitutional 
Kingdom. 
Preponderance of the "Tiers etat." Storming of the Bastille 
(14th July, 1789). Emigration of the Nobility and of the Princes 
of the Royal House. Flight and recapture of the King (21st and 
22d June, 1791). 

1 791 Austria and Prussia close the Convention at Pillnitz for the 
re-establishment of the former condition of France. 
Leopold //..Emperor of Germany (1790-1792). 

1791-1792 The Legislative Assembly, facobins. Storming of the Tuileries 
(1792, Aug. 10). France declares war against Austria. 
Disastrous campaign of the Austrians and Prussians in the Cham- 

pague. Canonading of Valmy. 
The French enter the Netherlands and advance as far as Mayence. 



54 

I79 3 1795 National Convention. France a Republic. 

Execution of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette (2.1st January and 
1 6th October, 1793). 

1793 The Committee of Public Safety of the Jacobins. Robespierre, Dan ton, 

Mara/. 
The moderate Girondists suppressed by the Terrorists. Christianity 

abolished. Religion of Reason and a new era. Terrorism. War 

in La Vendee against the supporters of Monarchy and Louis XVII. 

CT I7 95)- 
1793-1797 First Coalition against France : 

England ( William Pitt), Holland, Austria, Prussia and Spain. 
France was successful in the war. France, Prussia and Spain 

(Prince of" Peace, Godoy) conclude the Peace of Basel (1795). 
Holland is changed into the Batavian Republic. 

1793 Second Division of Poland. Russia and Prussia. 

1794 Execution of Danton. Robespierre. 
Abolition of the Revolutionary Tribunal. 

1 795-1 799 The Directory and its more moderate reign. 

1795 Third Division of Poland. Thaddeus Kosciusko. 
"Finis Pol ina:." 

1796 The hereditary Duke Charles of Austria compels Moreau to 
retreat from southern Germany. 

1796 Napoleon's First Campaign in Italy. Lodi. Areola. 

1797 Preliminaries of peace at Leoben. Foundation of the Ligurian 
Republic (Genoa) and of the Cisalpine Republic (Lombardy). 

1797 Peace of Campo Formio. 

Austria cedes the Netherlands and her Italian possessions and 
receives Venice. 

1797-1840 Frederick William III., king of Prussia. 

1798 The States of the Church become Roman Republic. Helvetian 
Republic. 



55 

1798 Napoleon in Egypt. French victory of the Pyramids. Nelson 

destroys the French Navy at Aboukir {Battle of the Nile). 

1792-1802 Second Coalition against France: England, Russia, Austria, 
Naples and Turkey. Prussia and Spain refuse to join. 

1 799 Foundation of the Partkenopean Republic at Naples. 

Napoleon's advance upon Acre and return to France, leaving his 
army in Egypt. 

1799 The French defeated in Switzerland and in Swabia (by the Archduke 
Charles) and in Italy (by Suwaroff). During the autumn the French 
are more successful and Paul I. of Russia recalls his troops. 

1799-1804 Bonaparte's Consulate. 

He desolves the Directory (18 Brumaire) and causes himself to be 
nominatedyFr.y/ Consul {for ten years). 

180 Bonaparte crosses the Alps, enters Italy and defeats the Austrians at 
Marengo (June 14). 

Moreau enters Germany at the Upper Rhine and gains a victory at 
Hohenlinden. 

[801 Peace of Luneville. 

France gains the left bank of the Rhine, the Netherlands, the 
Breisgau, and in Italy all the land as far as the Adige. 

Recognition of the Batavian, Helvetian, Ligurian and Cisalphine 
Republics. Tuscany is called Kingdom of Etruria. Peace with 
Naples, Spain and Russia. Paul I. assassinated. 

[S02 Peace of Amiens with England and Turkey. 

Pitt retires irom the administration until 1804. 
Napoleon Bonaparte, Consul for life. 

[803 Close of Imperial German Diet. Secularization of most of the cities 
of the Empire, and of the ecclesiastical states of the Empire. 
Their possessions are used to idemnify the Princes who suffered 
by the Cession of the left bank of the Rhine. 
England re-commences war with France. 



1804-1814 Napoleon I., Emperor of France, and (from 1805) King 
of Italy. 

The Ligurian Republic joined to France. Eugene Beauhaniais 
(Napoleon's stepson), Viceroy of Italy. 

1805 Third Coalition: England, Russia, Austria and Sweden. 

Pitt again the author of it. 

Napoleon enters Germany victoriously. Surrender of I'hn. The 
Austrian General Mack made prisoner with his army. 

1805 Naval victory of the English at Trafalgar. {Admiral Nelson ~j~). 
Napoleon in Vienna. Napoleon gains a splendid victory over the 

Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz {2nd Dee.) (Battle of the 

three Emperors). Peace at Presburg. 
Austria loses Venice and the Tyrol. Bavaria and Wurtemburg are 

made Kingdoms with increased domains. Baden is made a (".rand 

Duchy. 
Joachim Mural, Napoleon's brother-in-law, made Grand Duke of 

Berg ; Marshal Berthier, Duke of Neufchatel. Prussia to receive 

Hanover as compensation. 

1806 Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine and Dissolu- 
tion of the German Empire. 

Francis II. the last German Emperor, who since 1804 had called 
himself hereditary Emperor of Austria, resigns the Imperial 

Dignity. 
Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon's brother), king of Naples. 
Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland. 
3806-1807 Napoleon s war with Prussia and (later) Russia. 

1806 Battles of Jena and Auerstadt {14th Oct.) The Prussians 
totally defeated. Berlin occupied by the French. 

1807 Battle of Eylau (undecisive). Battle of Friedland (disadvan- 
tageous for Prussia and Russia). 

Beginning of the Continental System. 



1807 Peace of Tilsit. Prussia has to give up all the land between the 

Rhine and the Elbe. Deep degradation of Prussia. 

Foundation of the Kingdom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte, 
and of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, for the Elector of Saxony, 
now made King. 

1807-1812 Russian- Turkish War, instigated by Napoleon. 
Peace of Bukarcst. Russia extended to the Pruth. 

1807 Bombardment of Copenhagen by the English, and surrender 
of the Danish Navy. 

1808 The Confederation of the Rhine extended over all Germany with the 

exception of Austria and Prussia. 

Congress of Erfurt. {Napoleon, Alexander I. and the German 
Princes), 

Sweden cedes Finland to Russia. 

Gustavus IV., King of Sweden, deposed (1809). 

Joachim Murat, King of Naples, and Joseph Bonaparte, King of 
Spain (Ferdinand VII. of Spain compelled to resign by Napoleon 
at Bayonne). 

1808 Beginning of Prussia's regeneration. The Ministers Stein and Harden- 
berg reorganize the administration, and the Generals Schamhorst 
and Gneisnau the army. Eichle's addresses to the Nation. 

1808 Revolt of Spain assisted by England. 

Wellington (Sir Arthur Wellesley). Heroic defence of Saragossa 
(1809). 

1809 New war between Austria and France. Napoleon defeated by Arch- 

duke Charles at Aspern, but is victorious at Wagram. 

Peace of Vienna or Schonbrunn. 

Austria cedes Salzburg (to Bavaria), Illyria (to France), and Western 
Galicia (to the Grand-Duchy of Warsaw). 



53 

1810 Napoleon at the height of his power. Germany at her 
greatest humiliation. 

Napoleon separates from Josephine and marries Marie Louise, 
Grand-duchess of A ustr ia. 

181 i Ring of Rome born. 

1810 Holland and die North-German maritime countries (Hamburg 
and Lubeck) become part of the French Empire. 

War in Spain continues. 

Death of the noble Queen, Louise of Prussia. 

The French Marshal Bemadotte is adopted by Charles XLLI. as 
Crown Prim e of Sweden. 

1810-1825 Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, in the Americas, revolt and 
become independent : 

1S16 Argentine {or La Plata) Confederation. 

1817 Paraguay, under Dr. Francis (until 1840). 

1818 Chili, by San Martin. 

1819 Colombia, by Bolivar. 

1 82 1 .Mexico. 

1822 Brazil, under Den Pedro 1., an independent kingdom. 

1823 Central America. 

1824 Peru and Bolivia, by Bolivar. 

1825 Uruguay. 

1 8 1 2-1 8 1 4 Second :car of the United Stales of North Ante) lea with England. 

Cause : The taking possession of Florida by the North Americans, and 
several questions of Commercial and Maritime Rights. Destruction 
of Washington by the English (1814). Peace of Ghent (3rd Dec, 
1814). 



59 

i8i2 The French Russian War. 

Cause: The separation of Alexander I. from the Continental System. 

"The Grand Army " [French., Attstrians, Prussians, and the troops of 
the Confederation of the Rhine (Rhine- Bund)} enters Russia 
(23rd June). Battle of Borodino (7th Sept.). Occupation and 
burning of Moscow (14th Sept.). Disastrous retreat of the French. 
Crossing the Beresina (26th to 28th Nov.). 

Convention of the Prussian General, York, with the Russians at 
Tauroggen (30th Dec). 

1 8 1 3— 1 8 1 4 The War of Liberation. Blucher, the "Marshal 

Forwards." 
Fourth Coalition: England, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden and 

Spain. 
Frederick William's III call for the formation of the Volunteer 

(Landwehr) Militia (3rd Feb.). Lidzow and his " free-corps." 
Theodore Korner, Max von Schenkendorf, Riickert and Moritz Arndt, 

the German poets of liberty. 
Alliance at Kalisz between Russia and Prussia, and declaration of 

war against France. 
Frederick William's III. call to his people and army (1st March). 

1813 Battles of Liltzen (2nd May) and Bautzen (20th May), favorable for 
Napoleon. 
4th June to 16th Aug. Armistice. Austria, Sweden and Bavaria join 
the Confederates by treaty of Ried (8th t ). Battles of Grossbeeren 
(Biilow) and on the Katzbach (Blucher defeats Ney) 23rd and 24th 
August. Unsuccessful attack on Dresden \ Man au """), Vandamme 
defeated at Kulm (30th Aug.) by Kleist von NollenJorf. Ney de- 
feated at Dennewitz (6th Sept.) by Biilow. Blucher' s passage of 
the Elbe (3rd Oct.), compelled Napoleon to leave Dresden. 

1813 1 6th to 19th October. The Great Battle of Leipzig. 
Napoleon totally defeated, retreats to France. 

Battle of Hanau. Napoleon defeats the Bavarian Field-Marshal 
IVrede. 



1 8 14 The Allies enter France from different sides (Wellington from Spain). 
Napoleon, after being successful at Briennc, Montmirail and Monte- 

reau, is defeated at Laon by Blucher, and at Arcis sur Aube by 

Sch warzenberg. 
Storming of Montmartre and entrance of the Allies into Paris (31st 

March). Abdication of Napoleon at Eontainebleau (nth April). 

His departure for Elba and return of the Bourbons. Louis XVIIL, 

King of Fiance. First Peace of Paris (30th May). 
France gets the boundaries of 1792. The Princes, who were expelled 

by Napoleon, return to their Estates. 
Beginning of the Congress of Vienna (1st Nov., 1814, to 9th June, 

181 5). 
181 5 (1st March.) Napoleon returns from Elba and marches towards Paris. 

(Ney deserts from the Bourbons.) The Hundred Days. Napoleon 

proscribed by the Powers. 
16th June. Battles of Ligny (unfavorable for Blucher), and at 

Quatrebras (Ney repulsed). Death of the Duke of Brunswick-Oels. 

181 5 18th June. Battle of Waterloo or Belle Alliance. Blucher. 
Napoleon, at first having the advantage over Wellington, is totally 

defeated by Blucher. 
jth July. Second taking of Paris. Louis .Will, comes again on the 

throne. 
7th Aug. Napoleon, who had surrendered io tin- English, is brought 

by them to St. Helena. 
13th Oct. Joachim Murat in trying to land at Calabria, was taken 

prisoner and shot. 
20th Nov. Second Peace of Paris. Napoleon deposed and banished. 
France gets back her boundaries of 1790. 

181 5 The Vienna Congress. Germany a Confederation. Act of federation 
(8th June), and act of closure of the Congress of Vienna (9th June). 
Important changes in the configuration of Europe. 
26th Sept. The Holy Alliance at Paris (Alexander I., Frederick 
William III. and Francis II.). Joined afterwards by most of the 
reigning Kings and Princes of Europe. 



61 

1S1S Demagogical intrigues in Germany and Congress of Carlsbad 

(1819). 
1820 Prince Metternich at the head of German diplomacy. 
Revolutionary movements in the south of Europe. 
The league of the Carbonari. Congress of Lay bach and of Verona 
(1822). 

1S18-1844 Charles XIV. John (Bernadotte), king of Sweden. 
1S20-1830 George IV, king of England. 
1S23 French intervention against the Liberals in Spain. 
Battle of the Trocadero, 31st August, (Duke of Angoulefne). 

1 82 1 (3I/1 May). Death of Napoleon in St. Helena. 

1821-1829 War of Independence of the Greeks against the Turks. 
Philhellenes. Lord Byron (~|~ 1824 in Missolonghi). 

1824 Charles X. of France. 

1825 Alexander /. ".Nicholas I. (his brother), Emperor of Russia. 
The Turks devastate Morea. Treaty of London between Great 

Britain {Canning). Russia, and France on behalf of Greece. 

1825 Louis, king of Bavaria. Advance of art in Germany ; 
Painters: Cornelius, Overbeck, Kaulbach; Sculptors: Schwanthaler 
and Ranch. 

1826 Fallot' Missolonghi. Destruction of the Janissaries by Sultan 
Mahomed II. 

1827 (20th Oct. Naval battle of Navarino (destruction of the 
Turkish Navy). 

182S-1829 Russo-Turkish War. 

The Russian armies cross the Balkans (Diebitsch Sabalkansky) and 

enter Asia (Paskiewitsch Eriwansky). 
Peace of Adrianople. Russia assumes the Protectorate over 

Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia. 
Greece an Independent Kingdom. Otho of Bavaria becomes 

Otho I., king of Greece (1833). 



62 

1830 Algiers conquered by the French (5th July). 

3830 27th to 29th July. The July Revolution in Paris. 

Charles X. (Minister Polignac) deposed and Louis Philippe of 
Orleans chosen King of France.. 

1 830-1838 William IV. of England. 

1830 First Railroad in Europe (between Manchester and Liverpool). 
George Stephenson. 

1830-1S33 The Belgians revolt against Holland. Separation of 
Belgium from Holland. Leopold /., of Coburg, King of Belgium, 
(1831-1865). 

1S31-1S33 Revolt of the Poles in Warsaw. Dictator Chlopicki. 

Courageous resistance of the Poles under Szcrynecki, 

Battles of Praga and Ostrolenka (1831). Paskiewitsch takes Warsaw 
and becomes Governor of Poland. 

Poland joined to Russia, but with its particular government. 

Political disturbances in Switzerland, Italy and Germany. 

Turkish-Egyptian war between Sultan Mahmud If. and Mehemet 
Alt, Viceroy of Egypt. The Egyptians enter Asia as victors. 
Russia and the other European Towers mediate peace. 

Vice-Kingdom of Egypt is granted extension. 

1832 Don Pedro, formerly Emperor of Brazil, expels the usurper 
Don Miguel and reinstates his daughter Maria (married to Fer- 
dinand of Coburg) as constitutional Queen of Portugal. 

1833 Ferdinand I'M. of Spain "T. Civil war about the succession 
( 1840). Claimant of the crown, Don Carlos, put aside by- 
General Espartero. Isabella, Ferdinand's daughter, made Queen 
of Spain under the regency of her mother, Christina. 

1834 Foundation of the Prussian German League, Zollverein. 

1835 Francis I. "|~. Ferdinand (his son) Emperor of Austria. 
First Railroad in Germany between Nuremburg and Furth. 



1837 William IV. of England I . Victoria of Kent, Queen of England. 

She marries Albert, Prince of Coburg (1840). 

Hanover becomes an independent kingdom under Ernest August. 

War of Russia with the Carcassians. 

1 840-1 86 1 Frederick William IV., King of Prussia. 

1842 5th to 7th May. Great conflagration in Hamburg. 

1847 Disturbances in Switzerland instigated by the Jesuits. War of 
the Sunderbund and expulsion of the Jesuits. Pope Pius IX. gives 
the impulse to liberal movements in Italy. 

1848 24th Feb. Revolution of February in Paris. 

Louis Philippe declared to have forfeited the French throne. Republic 
proclaimed. Presidents: Lamartine, Cavaignac, and then (from 
10th Dec.) Louis Napoleon, son of Louis Bonaparte. 
Liberal movements in Germany and adjoining countries. 
13th March. Metternich expelled from Vienna. 
The Regiment of the Aula and the Diet. 

Windischgratz coerces the city. Abdication of the Emperor Ferdi- 
nand (Dec); Francis Joseph (Ferdinands's nephew), his suc- 
cessor. 
Minister Schwarzenberg (~j~ 1852). 

18th March. Revolution in Berlin. The constitutional Diet. Its 
dissolution by Ministers Brandenburg and Manteuffel (3rd Dec.) 
The new Constitution (published 31st Jan., 1850). 
1848 29th March. German preliminary Parliament. 

1 8th May. Opening of the German National Assembly at Frankfort. 
Henry von Gagern its President. 

Archduke John elected regent (29th June). Dissolution of the German 
Diet. Fundamental laws and Constitution of the Empire. Freder- 
ick William I]'., elected German Emperor, refuses Crown and 
Constitution. 

The Empire's regent gives up his dignity (Dec, 1849). 

Diet renewed (May, 1 S 5 1 ). 



1848 Beginning cf the conflict between the Duchies Schlcswig-Holstein and 
Denmark. Germany assists the Duchies at first but afterwards allows 
their being disarmed by Austria and Prussia (185 1). 

Insurrection in Hungary. Kossuth dictator of Hungary. The 
Austrian Field Marshal Haynau defeats the Hungarians with the 
help of a Russian army (1849). 
War of Sardinia {King Charles Albert) with Lombardy and Venice 
against Austria. Radetzky defeats the Italians at ( , 
(July 1848) and at Novara (March, 1849). Abdication of Charles 
Albert in favor of his son Victor Emanuel. 
Subjection of the Insurgents by Radetzky (Aug., 1849). 
Peace with Sardinia. Pius IX. flees from Rome. The Republic 
founded to replace the Papal States, subjected to the Pope, by a 
French army (Oudinot), (Aug., 1849). 

185 1 First Great Industrial Exhibition in the Crystal Palace in 
London {Hyde Park). 

1 85 1, 2nd Dec. The "Coup d'etat" of Louis Napoleon. National 
Assembly dissolved. 

1852, ?nd Dec. Louis Napoleon, Prince-President of the French 
Republic, is publicly proclaimed Emperor of the French, as 
Napoleon III., at the Hotel de Ville in Paris. Napoleon III. 
(1852-1870 -[" 1873). 
1853-1856 Eastern Affairs. War between Turkey and Russia. Crimean 
War. 
Turkey refuses the Russians the protectorate demanded over the 
Greek Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Occupation of 
Moldavia and Wallachia by the Russians. Declaration of war 
by Sultan Abdul Medjid against Nicholas I. (Oct.). Destruction 
of the Turkish navy at Sinope (30th Nov., 1853). 
France and England soon after also declare war against Russia 
(March, 1854). Blockade of the Baltic and of the Black Sea 
through the English -French Navy. Expedition to the Crimea. 
Battle at the Alma. Bombardment of Sebastopol (Nov., 1854). 
Battle of Inkermann. Treaty of Alliance between England, 
France and Austria (2nd Dec, 1854). 



65 

1855 Nicholas 1. ~|~ (2nd March). Succeeded by his son Alexander II. 
(185 5- 1 88 1 ). Sardinia joins the Allies. Taking of the south side of 

Sebasiopol by the Allies (8th Sept.). 
The Turkish Fort Kars surrenders to the Russians. 

1856 The Sultan issues a Firman authorizing free exercise of 
religion — the Hat-i-Humaium (18th Feb.). 

1856, 30th March. Conclusion of peace by the Treaty of Paris 
between Russia on the one part and Turkey, France, England and 
Sardinia on the other. The conditions are : The giving up of the 
particular Russian protectorate over the principalities of the Danube 
and the Greek Christians in Turkey; the cession of a part of 
Bessarabia at the mouths of the Danube by Russia in favor of the 
free navigation on the Danube, the obligation of Russia and 
Turkey neither to keep nor to found a naval arsenal along the 
coast of the Black Sea, and the restriction of Russian and Turkish 
war-fleet on the Black Sea to a certain number of ships. 

1857 Insurrection of the Sepoy regiments in East India against 
English dominion. The insurgents take the city of Delhi. Nena 
Sahib. Delhi retaken by the English (20th Sept.). General 
Havelock. 

1 858-1860 Hostilities continue in India, but are decided in England's 
favor. East India becomes Crown possessions. 

{gth Oct.). William, Prince of Prussia, becomes Prince Regent, having 
been Proxy for his brother for a year. Frederick William IV. 
stricken with apoplexy (Oct., 1857). 

1859 Alexander Humboldt "I" in Berlin (6th May). 

{May to July). French- Italian War. 

Caused by the endeavor of the Italians to attain National Unity and 
deliverance from the Influence of Austria; also by differences be- 
tween Sardinia and Austria. Louis Napoleon takes the part of 
Sardinia. Flight of the Archduke of Tuscany (27th April), and of 
the Duke of Modena and the Regentess of Parma —29th April. 
Austria declares war against Sardinia. Austrians defeated by the 
French and Sardinians at Magenta (4th June) and at Solferino 
(24th June). 



8th July. Preliminaries of Peace at Villafranca. Austria cedes 
Lombardy to France, and France gives it to the King of Sardinia. 
All the Italian States to form a Confederacy under the supervision 
of the Pope. 

loth Nov. Treaty of Zurich signed. Austria, France and Sardinia. 

i860 Incorporation of Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna with 
the Kingdom of Sardinia. 

Sardinia consents to cede the provinces of Savoy and Nice to 
France. Annexation of these countries to France (14th June). 

18^0-1861 Renewed hostilities in Italy, in favor of a united Kingdom of 
Italy, under Victor Emanuel of Sardinia. General Garibaldi. 
Pope Pius IX. remains in Rome under the protection of the French 
troops of occupation, stationed there since 1849. 

1 861 1 8th Feb. Opening of the General Italian. Parliament at 
Turin, under King Victor Emanuel of Italy. 
Ministry of Cavour. The Kingdom of Italy consists now of the 
whole Apenine Peninsula, with the exception of Venice and Rome 
with the territories of the Papal States. 

1861 {2nd Jan.) Frederick William IV. i". Prince-Regent becomes King 
of Prussia as William I. 
Bis/nark, Prime Minister. 

26th Feb. The statutes of the new Constitution for the Austrian Mon- 
archy published. 

ijth March. Abolition of Serfdom in Russia. 

1861 {April) to 1863 {May). War between the North and South of 
the United States of North America. 
1 86 1 The disputes between the Abolitionists and Slaveholders become 
more and more violent, since the election of President Lincoln, and 
threaten the preservation of the Union. Unionists and Secccssionists. 
In February the States South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, 
Florida, Georgia and Louisiana, secede from the Union and form 
the Southern Confederacy. Jefferson Davis its president. 



67 

4th March. President Abraham Lincoln enters into office. 
Confederates attack Fort Sumter {nth April). 
War between the Union and the Confederacy. During the summer 
the States North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas and 
Arkansas secede from the Union. 
2 1 st July. Defeat of the Union army at Bull Run or Manassas 
Junction. 

1862 26th April. New Orleans taken by the Unionists. 

1863 1st Jan. President Lincoln proclaims abolition of Slavery. 
1865 Qth April. General Lee surrenders to General Grant. 

1 2th April. Union troops take Richmond and Mobile. 

14th April. President Lmcoln assassinated by Wilkes Booth. 

Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President, 15th April. 

A few weeks later the Southern States submit. 

1861-1 867 The Mexican Expedition — undertaken in common by France, 
England and Spain, because of financial troubles with the President 
Juarez. Later France alone undertakes to bring the Mexican troubles 
to order with the intention of forming a Monarchy. Ends inglorious, 
because of the North American protest against French occupation of 
Mexico. 

14th Dec. Prince Albert ~|~. Prince Consort of England. 

1862 22nd Oct. King Of ho L deposed. Provisional Government 
in Greece. 

1863 joth March. Prince William, son of Duke Christian of Sonder- 
burg-Gliicksburg, elected King of Greece and assumes the reign 
under the name of George I. (6th June). England cedes the Ionian 
Isles to Greece (6th June, 1864 ). 

1863 13th Nov. Frederick VII, King of Denmark, and Duke of Schleswig- 
Holstein and Lauenburg ~\~. With him the male branch of the elder 
royal line becomes extinct. Christian IX., Duke of Sonderburg- 
Gliicksburg, who had been declared Heir of the whole of the Danish 
possessions through the London Protocol (1852), assumes the reign 
over Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg. With him the 
younger royal line mounts the throne. 



1864 1st Feb. to 30th Oct. War of Austria and Prussia against Denmark. 

1864, 10th April. The Archduke Maximilian of Austria accepts the 
Imperial Crown of Mexico, offered to him by France and the 
Mexican Notables, Maximilian under the protection of the French 
army. 

1864, 26th July '. New Peace Conference in Vienna. 

16th Sept. Convention between France and Italy. The King of 
Italy accepts the obligation, to transfer his residence from Turin 
to Florence, to leave unharmed and to protect the Pope's 
Dominions; and France accepts that of removing her troops of 
occupation from Rome within two years. 

1864, joth Oct, Peace of Vienna ends the Danish War. 

King Christian JX. gives up his claims to the Duchies of the Elbe 
and cedes them to the German Powers. 

1865, 14th Aug. Convention of Gastein. New adjustment of the 
rights gained by . / itstria and Prussia through the Peace of Vienna. 
The administration of Holstein provisionally confided to Austria, 
and that of Schleswig to Prussia. 

1866 January. Prussia opposes in Schleswig-Holstein the efforts to 
call together the States and the enthronement of the Duke Freder- 
ick of Augustenburg, and threatens Austria to break the existing 
Alliance. 

March. Austria persists in her policy with regard to the Duchies of 
the Elbe. 

May. Napoleon trie s in vain to bring together a Conference for the 
settlement of the disputes between Austria and Prussia. 

1st June. Austria submits the decision of the Schleswig-Holstein 
question to the Confederation (2nd June). Prussia denounces this 
as a breach of the 'treaty of Gastein. 

7th June. General Manteuffel, Governor of Schleswig, enters 

Holstein. 
1 1 th June. Closing of the Holstein Diet in Itzehoe by the Prussians. 



1 2th June. The Austria/is and Duke Frederick leave Holstein 
under protest. 

14th June. The Austrian proposal to mobilize the Federal Army, 
with the exception of the German troops, is accepted by the 
Federal Diet. Prussia declares her withdrawal from the Con- 
federation and the dissolution of the latter, on account of its 
being violated by the acceptance of Austria's proposal. 

1 5th to 17th June. The Prussians march into Hanover and Saxony 
and war begins. 

June and July. War of the German Confederation. At the same 
time war of Italy (the ally of Prussia) against Austria, over the 
possession of lenelia. 

Causes of the German rear : The aim of Prussia to extend her do- 
minion and influence, and to reorganize the German Confederacy. 
On Prussia's side are Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, the cities of the 
Hansa, the majority of the Thuringian States, and several other 
smaller States; on Austria's side : Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Baden, 
Hanover, Saxony, both Hesses, Nassau, and also some of the 
smaller States. 

23rd June. Capture of the Elector of Hesse and his abdication (Sept.) 

24th June. Battle of Custosza. The Italians- defeated by the 

Austrians. 
29th June. The Hanoverians capitulate. 
27th June to 3rd July. Prussian victories over the Austrians and 

Saxons in Bohemia. 

3rd July. Battle of Kbniggratz or Sadowa. Complete defeat of the 
Austrians and Saxons by the joint Prussian armies. 

Austria offers an Armistice, cedes Venetia to France, and invoices 
the mediation of Napoleon. 

26th July. Preliminaries of Peace at Nicolsburg between Austria 
and Prussia. Austria acknowledges the dissolution of the German 
Confederation, and consents to a new configuration of Germany 
outside of the Empire of Austria ; the Emperor promises moreover 
to acknowledge the closer Confederation to be founded by Prussia 



70 

North of the Main, and consents to the States South of this line 
forming a Union : the King' of Saxony to keep his territory, but 
to make certain concessions to Prussia. Austria cedes Venetia to 
Italy, their share of the possessions of Schleswig-Holstcin to Prussia, 
and moreover engages compensation for expenses of war. 

1866 iSth Aug. Foundation of the North-German Confederation by 
Prussia and her A/ties. A joint Parliament to be convened, and 
the chief military direction confided to Prussia. 

1866 2jrd Aug. Peace of Prague. Confirmation and final settle- 
ment of the Nicolsburg preliminaries. 

3rd Oct. Conclusion of the Peace negotiations between Italy and 
Austria, soon followed by the cession of Venetia and the Quadri- 
lateral to Italy. 

Prussia declares the Slates of Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse, 
Nassau, Hesse- Hamburg, and the free city of Frankfort with its 
territory, incorporated in its body politic. 

2 1st Oct. Peace with Saxony. Saxony joins the North-German 
Confederation and pays a war idemnity to Prussia. King John of 

Saxony returns from Austria. 

1867 Jan. The "Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein annexed by Prussia. 

1867 Feb>-. Restoration of the Hungarian Constitution of /S/S. 
Ministry of I on Beust. 

1867 24th Feb. Opening of the First North German Parliament in 
Berlin to consider the Constitution agreed on by the 22 Govern- 
ments of the North-German Confederation. 

March. Differences between Prussia and France in 7'egard to the 
right to garrison Luxemburg, and to its possession, which the 
King of Holland was about to sell to France. Publication of the 
Federal and Military Treaties of Prussia with Bavaria, JVurletn- 
burg and Baden. 

ijtli April. Closing of the North-German Parliament after accept- 
ing the Constitution of the Confederation. 



71 

1867 nth Afar. Close of the London Conference about the Luxem- 
burg Question. Luxemburg to belong to the King of Holland as 
a separate Grand-Duchy and to be a neutral State. The fortifi- 
cations of the city of Luxemburg to be razed. 

1867 15th May. Juarez takes the city of Queretaro in Mexico. The 
Emperor Maximilian I. deserted by France and oppressed by 
the Republicans, has to surrender to them and is* soon after 
(19th June) shot. 

1867 Oct. Garibaldi and his volunteers enter the Papal Dominion. 
3d Nov. Battle of Men tana. Garibaldi defeated and taken 
prisoner — sent to Caprera. 

1868 Sept Revolution in Spain. Queen Isabella leaves Spain and goes 

to Paris. Provisional Government. 

1869 May. Serrano declared Regent of Spain. 

iyth Nov. Opening of the Sue: Canal. 
Sth Dec. Ecumenical Council met in Rome. 
1870 2nd Jan. Xapoleon nominates the Ministry of Ollivier. 

1870 (17th July) to 1871 (26th Feb.). Franco-Prussian War. 

Cause : The Candidacy to the Spanish throne of Prince Iu-opold of 
Hohensollem, the refusal of the apology of William I. to Louis 
Napoleon, and the supposed insult to the French Ambassador 
Beneditti by the King of Prussia at Ems. 

Real cause: France's jealousy of Prussia's growing power and of 
that of the North-German Confederation. 

1870 1 7th July. France declares war against Prussia and the North-German 
Confederation. 

Prussia, according to the Federal Treaties of 1866, is joined by the 
South-German States; the rest of Europe neutral. 

1 8th July. The Council of Rome accepts the Dogma of the Pope's 
Infallibility and adjourns. 

1870 6th Aug. Battle of Worth — Defeat of MacMahon. 
nth Aug. Siege of Strasburg begins. 



72 

1870 14th to 18th Aug. The Three Battles of Metz. 

14th Aug. The first Army {Steinmetz) defeats a part of Bazaine 1 s 
Army at Courcelles. 

16th Aug. The second Army (Prince Frederick Charles) again 
defeats Bazaine at Mars la Tours. 

1 8th Aug. Great Victory of the Germans under King William I. 

at C.RAVELOTTE. 

Retreat of the French frustrated. Locked in the Fortress of Metz 
by the two Armies, the other Armies in the North prevent 
MacMahon liberating Bazaine. 

1870 1st Sept. Battle of Sedan. Total Defeat of the French 
under MacMahon. Capitulation of the French with 85,000 men, 
after 25,000 men had been taken prisoners in the battle. 

2nd Sept. Napoleon III. surrenders to King William I. 

He is sent as prisoner to Wilhelmsh'ohe near Cassel- — goes afterward 
to England. 

4th Sept. Napoleon III. deposed and the Regency under the Em- 
press Eugenie abolished. Republic proclaimed. The Govern- 
ment of National Defense. ( Trochu, E. Arago, fulcs Favre, 
Cremieux, Gambetta, fules Simon, etc.). 

9th Sept. Laou taken by the Germans. 

1870 19th Sept. Beginning of the Siege of Paris. 

20th Sept. Taking of Rouie by the Italians after the French had 
recalled their troops of occupation, and after Victor Emanuel had 
withdrawn his submission to the convention of September, 1864. 

23rd Sept. Tout surrenders after a vigorous resistance. 

28th Sept. Strashurg surrendered. 

nth Oct. Storming of Orleans by the Bavarians (von der Tann) 

15th and 24th Oct. Capitulation of Sozssons and Schelestadt. 

18th Oct. Battle of Ch&teaudun and storming of the city. 



73 

27th Oct. Capitulation of Metz. Marshal Bazaine surrenders 
Metz and his army (of 170,000 men). 

8 and 10th Nov. Surrender of Verdun and Neu-Breisach to the 
Germans. 

9th Nov. The Bavarians retreat from Orleans before the superior 
French force {Army of the Loire'). 

1 6th Nov. Duke of Aosta, son of Victor Emanuel, elected king by the 
Spanish Cortes under the name of Amadeus I. 

27th and 28th Nov. Battle and surrender of Amiens. 

2nd~4th Dec. The Battles of Orleans. {Grand-duke of Mecklenburg, 
Prince Frederick Charles and von der 7'ann.) Retaking of Orleans 
by the Germans in the night, 4th and 5th Dec. 

27th Dec. Beginning of the Bombardment of Paris under the direc- 
tion of General Count von Moltke. 

3rd Jan. Battle of Bapaume. Retreat of the French. Advance of 
the Germans. 

15th to 17th Jan. Battles of Belfort. The French Army, under 
Bourbaki, tries to storm the entrenchments of Gen. Yon Werder 
and to relieve Belfort, but is repulsed. 

18th Jan. King William I. accepts the Imperial crown offered him by 
the German Princes— after Wiirtemburg, Baden and the southern 
part of Hesse have joined the North German Confederation — a few- 
days after Bavaria also joins the New Empire. 

Re-establishment of the German Empire (1st Jan.). 

iSth Jan. William I. of Prussia proclaimed Emperor at Versailles. 

19th Jan. Defeat of the French (Faidherbe) at St. Quentin. 

28th Jan. Capitulation of all the Forts of Paris in conse- 
quence of the bombardment and famine, and the defeat of all of 
the armies of relief. 

Armistice of three weeks (Bismark and Jules Favre), afterwards pro- 
longed several times. 



74 

1 87 1 I st Feb. Meeting of a French National Assembly at Bordeaux, in 
consultation about the Peace. 

17th Feb. M. Thiers elected chief of Executive Power of the French 
Republic. 

26th Feb. Count Bismark, Thiers and Jules Favre sign a prelimin- 
ary peace at Versailles, under reservation of the consent of the 
National Assembly at Bordeaux. 

France cedes German Lorraine with Metz and Alsace, with the excep- 
tion of Bclfort, and promises to pay 5 milliards of francs within 
three years (200,000,000 £), 25th Feb., signed 26th Feb.; accepted 
by the National Assembly 1st March. 

18th March. Social Democratic Revolution in Paris. 
Rule of the Commune 

21st March. Opening of the First German Imperial Diet. 
Chancellor Bismark made Prince. 

1871 JOth May. Peace of Frankfort. Ratification of the Peace of Versailles. 

28th May. Storming of Paris by the troops of the Government. 
(MacMahon). 

1872 4th July. Expulsion of the Jesuits from the German Empire. 

1873 9th Jan. Napoleon III. "I" in England (Chiselhurst). 

nth Feb. Amadeus I. voluntarily resigns his reign in Spain. 

nth May. Church laws in Prussia for the regulation of the relations 
between Church and State. 

24th May. Resignation of Thiers and his Ministry accepted, and 
Marshal MacMahon elected President of the French Republic. 
20th Nov. MacMahon's power extended to 7 years. Vain efforts 
of the Legitimists (Count Chambord), Orleanists and Bonapartists 
to restore a Monarchy in France. 

1874 3rd Jan. The Spanish Minister-president Castelar resigns. Marshal 

Serrano elected in his place, and 27th Feb. made President of the 
executive power of the Spanish Republic. 
Monarchical intrisrues of the Carlists. 



75 

May. Completion of the Prussian Church laws, restraining authority 
of bishops, with punishment for disobedience; promulgated by the 
Diet. 

13th July. Attempt to assassinate Prince Bismark at Kissingen by 
Kullmann. 

1574 31st Dec. Alfonso, Prince of Asturia, proclaimed King of Spain as 

Alfonso XII. by the Army. 

Continuation of the conflicts with the Carlists in the northeast prov- 
inces of Spain. 

1575 (August.) Insurrection of the Christian population in Herzegovina 

and part of Bosnia against the misrule of Turkey. The (heat 
Powers combine to effect their pacification. 

1876 The Reform-Program of Count Andrassy. Nevertheless, the insur- 
gents do not lay down their arms. Equivocal attitude of Monte- 
negro and Servia. 

1876 End of Feb. Total defeat of the Carlists in Spain. Don Carlos goes 
to France. 

May. Assassination of the German and French consuls in Salonica 
by fanatical Mussulmans. 

1876 Insurrection in Bulgaria. Reformatory movements of the Sqftas in 
( onstantinople . 

30th May. Sultan Abdul-Aziz deposed. His nephew ascends the 
throne as Sultan. Murad I '. 

30th August. Murad forced to abdicate. His uncle Abdul-Hamid 

ascends the throne. 

Servia (Prince Milan) and Montenegro (Prince Nikita) begin war with 
Turkey. At first, with alternating fortune for Servia, afterwards to 
her disadvantage. Cruelties and devastations by the Turks in 
Bui;/ 

Russia and the other Cheat Powers of Europe attempt to induce 
Turkey to accord administrative autonomy to the insurgent prov- 
inces, and to give guarantees on the ground of Andrassy's Program. 



28th Oct. to the end of the year. Armistice after the advance of the 
Turks into Servia; at the same time uninterrupted preparations for 
war in Russia and Turkey. Preliminary conference of the Great 
Powers in Constantinople, without the participation of Turkey. 
Prolongation of the Armistice to ist March, 1877. The Grand- 
vizier Midhat-Pasha and his constitutional regulations for all Turkey. 

1877 January. The Conference with the participation of Turkey. 

20th Jan. Closing of the Conference after ineffectual attempts to 
induce Turkey to yield, and after the proclamation of the Turkish 
Constitution. 
5th Feb. Midhat-Pasha dismissed and banished, succeeded by 

Edhem-Pasha. 
24th April. Russia declares war against Turkey. 

1877 (April) to 1878 (March). Husso- Turkish War. 

The Russians enter the Turkish dominions in Roumania and Armenia. 

1877 16th May. Fall of the liberal Ministry of Jules Simon in Fiance. 
The clerical-conservative Ministry of de Broglie and de Fourtou. 
Closing of the Chambers (19th May). 

1877 July. The Russians cross the Balkans. 

30th and 31st July. Battle of Plevna in Bulgaria. Defeat of the 

Russians (Osman Pasha). 
22nd Aug. to the middle of Sept. Desperate fruitless attempts of the 

Turks under Suleiman Pasha to gain Schipka Pass held by the 

Russians. Nov. Kars taken by the Russians. 

1877 14th Oct. New election in the French Chambers; the Republican 
party wins. 

1877 10th Dec. Plevna taken by the Russians. Osman Pasha, with his 

whole army, taken prisoners. 

1878 Servia and Montenegro again join in the war against Turkey. 

8th Jan. The Turkish Army (30,000 men) surrender to the Russians. 
Philippopolis (16th Jan.) and Adrianoplc (29th Jan.) taken. Armis- 
tice (31st Jan.) 



77 
1878 gin Jan. Victor Emanuel ""• Humbert I. succeeds. 

7th Feb. Pope Pius IX. (Mastai Ferretti) "|~. Leo XIII. (Gioacchino 
Pecci) elected 20th Feb. 

1878 3rd March. Peace Parlia7>ic7it at San Stefano between Russia and 

Turkey. 

nth May and 2nd June. Attempts of Hobel and Dr. Nobiling on 
the life of the German Emperor, William I. 

jj//i June to ijth July. Berlin Congress on the Eastern Question. 

Bulgaria (between the Balkans and the Danube) an autonomous 
principality; Eastern Roumelia a principality under Turkish su- 
premacy. Roumania, to be independent, must give up Bessarabia 
to Russia and receives Dobrudscha. 

Servia and Montenegro become sovereign States and receive extended 
boundaries. 

Greece to adjust her boundaries in Thessalia and Epirus. 

Bosnia and Herzegovina to be occupied and administered by Austria. 
Russia to receive part ot North Armenia with Batoum, Kars and 
Ardahan. 

4th June. Separate treaty between England and Turkey. England 
takes possession of the Island of Cyprus. 

19th Aug. The Austrians take, after a vigorous resistance, Scrajevo, 
the capital of Bosnia. 

1879 3rd Jan. Marshal MacMahon resigns. Jules Grevy elected President 

of the French Republic (30th Jan.). 

29th April. Prince Alexander of Battcnbcr.L; elected Prince as 
Alexander I. of Bulgaria. 

i^t June. Louis Napoleon, son of Napoleon III., killed in the war 
(of the English) in Zululand. 

1880 17th Feb. Ministry of Gladstone in England. 

1881 13th March. Assassination of Alexander II. of Russia. 
26th March. Roumania becomes a kingdom. 



78 

1881 May. Expedition of the French to North Africa to chastise the 
Kroumirs — they obtain the Protectorate over Tunis. 

1 88 1 August. Irish Land Bill. 

14th Nov. Gambetta — "The Great Ministry" in France. 

1882 2nd Feb. The Egyptian Assembly of Notables desire of the Khedive 

the confirmation of their Constitution. 

Arabi Bey, Minister of War. 

Interference of France and England on account of the Control of 
Finances 

Beginning of the Egyptian disorders. 

20th May. Anglo-French Naval Demonstration before Alexandria. 
Arabi fortifies the Harbor of Alexandria. Riot and bloodshed in 
Alexandria (1 ith June). 

nth to 1 2th July. The French Navy leaves Alexandria. The English 
(under Seymour) bombard the Forts. The English occupy the city. 

1882 29th July. The French Chambers refuse to the Ministry of Freycinet 
a credit for the intervention in Egypt. The Ministry retires. 
England stands alone against Egypt. 

13th Sept. Wblseley storms Tel-el-Kebir. Cairo taken. Arabi 
taken prisoner (14th Sept). 

The Khedive under English protection. 

1882 2nd June. Garibalbi "J". 31st Dec. Gambetta "I". 

1883 13th Feb. Richard Wagner "I". 

22nd Feb. The Ministry of Jules Ferry in France. 

Thibaudin, Minister of War. 

9th Sept. Opening of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 

3rd-5th Nov. Mahdi destroys the Egyptian army under Hiks- Pasha 

in Soudan. 

1884. 18th Jan. The English send General Gordon without troops to 
Khartum to settle the disturbances in Soudan. 



79 

20th March. Gordon shut in Khartum by Mahdi. 
nth May. Treaty of Tientsin between China and France. 
6th June. Treaty of France with Anain. 

November. Lord Wolseley's expedition to Soudan to relieve Gordon. 
Khartum taken by Mahdi (Jan. 1885). Gordon assassinated. 

15th Nov.-March 1885. Congo Conference in Berlin. 

1885 22nd May. Victor Hugo ~|~. 
23rd July. Ulysses S. Grant "I". 

7th July. Insurrection in Anam aginst the French. 

25th Nov. Alphonso XII. of Spain "I". The Queen Maria Christina 

becomes Regentess. 
28th Dec. fulcs Grevy reelected President of France. The Ministry 

Brisson resigns — Freycinet. 

1886 31st July. Franz Liszt "". 

28th Oct. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World'' 
unveiled, New York Harbor, with imposing ceremonies, in the 
presence of representatives of the United States and France. 

1887 1st Dec. Jules Grevy resigns. 

3rd Dec. Sardi-Carnot elected President of the French Republic. 

1888 9th March. William /., German Emperor ~\~. 
15th June. Frederick III, German Emperor 
William II., German Emperor. 

1889 27th Jan. Election of Boulanger in France. 

1890 24th Nov. William III., King of Holland "l~. 
Queen Emma made Regentess. 



^igy 



THE ROMAN EMPERORS. 



EMPERORS 


OF 




Decius 


249-251 


THE JULIAN 


FAMILY. 


Gallus 


251-254 


31 B. C— 68 A. 


D. 


yEmilianus 


253-254 






B.C. A.D. 


Valerian 


253-260 


Augustus 




3 1 " H 


Gallienus 


260-268 


Tiberius 




A. D. 

x 4~ 37 


Claudius II. 


268-270 


Caligula . 
Claudius 




• 37" 4i 
4 I_ 54 


Aurelian 
Tacitus . 


270-275 
275-276 


Nero 




54- 68 


Florian 


276 


Galba \ 




Probus . 


276-282 


Otho I . 




68- 69 


Carus 


282-284 


Vitellius ) 






Numerianus ) 

,- • f his sons 

Lannus J 


f 284 
-285 


THE FLAVIAN 


FAMILY. 


Diocletian 


284-305 


Vespasian 




69- 79 


- 


"313 
286-305 


Titus . 




79" 81 


Maximian . 


Domitian 




81- 96 


Constantius Chlorus 


292-306 


THE ADOPTED EMPJ 


Galerius 


292-311 


Nerva 




96- 9 S 


Maxentius 


305-312 


Trajan . 




98-117 


Severus 


f 3°7 


Hadrian 




117-13S 


Maximin . . . 


"313 


Antonius Pius 




1 38-161 


Licinius . 


3 7-323 


Marcus Aurelius 




161-180 


Constantino the Great 


307-337 


THE MILITARY EMPJ 


Constantine II. (Occid.) 


• 337-340 


Commodus 




180-192 


Constantine II. (Orient.) 


337-361 


Pertinax 




192-193 


Constans 


337-350 


Didius Julianus 




193 


Julian, the Apostate . 


360-363 


Septimius Severus 




193-21 1 


Jovian 


363-364 


Caracalla 




211-217 


Valentinian I. (Occid.) 


364-375 


Macrinus 




217-218 


Valens (Orient) 


364-373 


Eliogabalus 




218-222 


Gratian 


367-383 


Alexander Severus 




222-235 


Maximus 


383-388 


Julius Maximinus . 




235-238 


Valentinian II. . 


375-392 


Gordian 




238-244 


Eugen 


392-394 


Philip, the Arabian 




244-249 


Theodosius the Great . 


379-395 



81 



395 Division of the Roman Empire into Western or Latin, and Eastern or 
Greek, Empires. 



WEST ROMAN EMPERORS. 



Honorius 


• 395-423 


John .... 


423-425 


Valentinian III. 


• 425-455 


Petronius Maximus 


455 


Avitus 


• 455-456 


Majorian 


457-461 


Severus . 


. 461-465 


Ricimer, the Suabian 




Patrician 


466-467 


Anthemius 


■ 467-472 


Olybrius 


472 


Glycerius 


. 473-474 


Julius Nepos 


474-475 


Romulus Augustulus 


• 475-476 



476 End of the Western Empire 
throicgh Odoacer. 



EAST ROMAN EMPERORS. 



Arcadius 
Theodosius II. 
Marcian . 
Leo 
Zeno 

Anastasius . 
Justin I. . 
Justinian I, . 
Justin II. 
Heraclius . 
Leo, the Isaurian 



395-408 
408-450 
450-457 
457-474 
474-491 
491-518 
518-527 
527-565 
565-578 
610-641 
7I7-74I 



ConstantineV.Copronymus 741-77 5 
Irene .... 780-797 
The Macedonian 

Dynasty (Theodora) . 867-1056 
The Comneni . . 1057-1204 
The Latin Emperors . 1 204-1 261 
The Palaeologians . 1 261-1453 
Constantine Palaeologus . ~\~ 1453 
*453 Constantinople taken by the 
Turks. End of the Eastern Empire. 



82 



EMPERORS OF GERMANY. 



Charlemagne 
Louis, le Debonnaire 



Rulers over the -whole 
Empire of the Franks. 



768-814 
814-840 



A. The German Carlovingians. 
Louis, the German . . 843-876 
Charles, the Fat . . 876-887 
Arnulf of Carinthia . 887-899 

Louis, the Child . 899-911 

Conrad I. of Franconia . 911-918 

B. The Saxon Emperors. 

Henry I. . . .919- 936 

Otho 1. 936- 973 

Otho II. ... 973- 983 

Otho III. . . . 983-1002 

Henry II. 1002-1024 

C. J lous,- of Franconia. 



Conrad J I. . 
Henry III. 
Henry IV. . 
(Rudolph of Swabia 
Henry V. . 
Lothaire of Saxony 



1 024- 1 039 
1039-1056 
1056-1106 
1 077- 1 080) 
1106-1125 
1125-1137 



D. House of Hohenstaufen. 

Conrad III. . . 1138-1152 
Frederick I. Barbarossa 1 1 52-1 190 

Henry VI. . . . 1190-1197 

Philip of Swabia . 1 198-1208 

Otho of Brunswick . 1198-1215 

Frederick II. . . 12 15-1250 

(Henry Raspe . . 1246-1247) 

(William of Holland 1247-1256) 

Conrad IV. . . 1250-1254 



Interregnum . . 1 254-1273 

Richard of Cornwall . 1 257-1 272 
Alfonso X., of Castile. 

E. Houses of Hapsburg, Luxem- 
burg, Bavaria, etc. 

Rudolph of Haps burg 1 273-1 291 
Adolphus of Nassau . 1292- 1298 
Albert I., of Austria . 1298-1308 
Henry VII. of Luxemburg 1 308-131 3 
Louis of Bavaria . 13 14-1347 

(Frederick of Austria . 1325-1330) 

F. House of Luxemburg. 

Charles IV. of Bohemia 1 347-1 378 
(Gunther of Schwarzburg ~|~ 1349) 
Wenceslaus of Bohemia 1 378-1400 

Cf M19) 

Rupert of the Palatinate 1400-1410 
(Jossus of Moravia . 1410-1411) 
Sigismund of Hungary 1410-1437 

G. House of Hapsburg. 

Albert II. . . . 1438-1439 

Frederick III. . . 1440-1493 

Maximilian I. . . 1493-1519 

Charles V. {I. of Spain) 1 5 1 9- 1 5 56 

<T 1558) 

Ferdinand I. . . 1 556-1 564 

Maximilian II. . 1 564-1 576 

Rudolph II. . . 1 576-1612 

Matthias . . 1612-1619 



Ferdinand II. . . 1619-1637 
Ferdinand III. . 1637-1657 
Leopold I. . • • 1658-1705 
Joseph I. . • I705-I7". 
Charles VI. . • I7"-I74o 
Charles VII. of Bavaria 1742-1745 
Francis 1. of Lorraine I745~ I 765 
(Maria Theresa) . 


Joseph II. . . 1765-179° 
Leopold II. . • 179P-179 2 
Francis II. . . 1792-1806 

H. House of Hohenzollern. 

William I. . ■ 1871-1888 
Frederick III. . . • 1888 
William II. . . .1888 


KINGS OF FRANCE. 

Charlemagne \ Rulers over the whole J 768-814 
Louis, le Debonnaire i Empire of the Franks. 1 814-840 



A. The French Carlovingians. 
Charles II. the Bald . 843-877 
Louis II. the Stammerer 877-879 
Louis III. and Carloman II. 879-884 
(Louis III. • • • "|" 882 ) 
Charles III. le Gros . 884-887 
Eudes, Count of Paris . 888-898 
Charles, the Simple . 898-923 
Rudolph (Raoul) . . 9 2 3~93 6 
Louis IV. (d'Outremer) 936-954 
Lothaire . . • 954-9 86 

Louis V. the Indolent 986-987 

li. The Capets. 

Hugh Capet . . 9 8 7~ 99 6 
Robert . . • 996-1031 

Henry I. . . • 1031-1060 
Philip I. . • • 1 060- 1 108 

Louis VI. le Gros . 1108-1137 
Louis VII. . • 1 1 37-" 80 

Philip II. Augustus . 1180-1223 
Louis VIII. . 1223-1226 

Louis IX., St. Louis . 1 226-1 270 



Philip III., the Hardy 
Philip IV., the Fair 
Louis X. 
John . 
Philip V. 
Charles IV. 



1270-1285 

1285-1314 

1314-1316 

1316 

1316-1322 

1322-1328 



C. House Valois (Capets). 



Philip VI. 
John II., the Good 
Charles V., the Wise 
Charles VI. . 
Charles VII. . 
Louis XL 
Charles VIII. . 



1328-1350 
1 3 50- 1 364 
1 364- 1 380 
1 380- 1 42 2 
1 422- 1 46 1 
1461-1483 
1483-1498 



I). House Orleans, elder line 
(Capets). 

Louis XII. . . • I498-I5I5 

Francis I. . . i5 I 5 I 547 

Henry II. . . . 1 547-1 559 

Francis II. . . 1559" l S 6 ° 

Charles IX. . . 1560-1574 

Henry III. . . 1574- 1589 



84 



E. House of Bourbon {Capets). 
Henry IV. of Navarre 1 5 89- 1 6 1 o 
Louis XIII. . . 1 6 10- 1643 

Louis XIV. . . 1643-17 1 5 
Louis XV. . . . 171 5-1774 
Louis XVI. . . 1 774- 1 792 
(f 1793) 
F. The First Republic. 
The National Convention 1792- 1795 
The Directory . . 1795- 1799 
The Consulate . 1799- 1804 

G. The Fits/ Empire. 
Napoleon I. . . 1804- iS 14 

(1815) "|- 1821 

H. House of Bourbon restored 

{Capets). 

Louis XVIII. . . 1814-1824 

(1815) 

Charles X. . . . 1824-1830 

/. House Orleans, younger line 

{Capets). 

Louis Philippe . . 1830-1848 



K. Second Republic. 
The Presidents : Lamartine, Cavaig- 
nac and Louis Napoleon, 1848-1852 

L. Second Empire. 

Louis Napoleon III. . 1852-1870 

CT l8 73) 
M. Third Republic. 

M.Thiers, Louis Adolphe.appointed 
chief of the executive power 17th 
Feb. and President of the French 
Republic, by the National Assem- 
bly, 31st Aug., 1871; resigned 
24th May, 1873; ~|" l %77- Mar- 
shal MacMahon, President of the 
Republic, 24th May, 1873, to 30th 
Jan., 1879. 

Jules Grevy, President, 30th Jan., 
1879, to 28th Dec, 1885, re-elected 
Sadi-Carnot, 3rd Dec, 1887. 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



Anglo-Saxons. 

(The seven kingdoms of the Hept- 
archy united) 827-1066. 
Egbert, of Wessex (801) . 827-836 
Ethelwolf . . ' . 836-857 
Ethelbert (with Ethelbald, 

857-860) . . . 857-866 
Ethelred I. 866-871 

Alfred the Great . 871-901 



Edward, the Elder . 

Athelstan . 

Edmund 

Edred 

Edwy 

Edgar 



. 901-925 
925-941 

. 941-946 
946-955 

• 955-957 
957-975 



Edward II., the Martyr . 975-978 
Ethelred II. . . 978-1016 
Edmund II. Ironsides . 1017 



85 



Sweyn "1 

Canute, the Great 
Harold I. Harefoot 
Hardicanute 
Edward the 

Confessor 
Harold II. 



S? IOI 3 

%. 1017-1035 
g 1035-1039 
" 1 039- 1 042 



1? 



1 042 -1 066 
1066 



The Normans. 
William I. the Conqueror, 1066- 1087 
William II. . . . 1087-1100 
Henry I. . . . 1100-1135 
Stephen of Blois . . 1135-1154 

The Plantagenets. 
Henry II. . . 11 54-1 189 

Richard I. Canirde Lion, 1 1 89- 1 199 
John . . , . 1199-1216 
Henry III. . . 1216-1272 
Edward I. . . . 1272-1307 
Edward II. . . 1307-1327 
Edward III. . . 1 327-1377 

Richard II. . . 1377-1399 

The Houses of Lancaster and of 
York. 



Henry IV. < 


House 


1 I399-HI3 


Henry V. 


► Lancaster. 


j 1413-1422 


Henry VI. . 


Red Rose. 


( 1422-1461 


Edward IV.' 


House 


r 1461-14S3 


Edward V. 


v York. 


\ H83 


Richard III. 


White Rose. 


I 1 48V 1 485 



House of Tudor. 



Henry VII. 

Henry VIII. 

Edward VI. 

Mary 

(Jane Gray . 

Elizabeth 



1485-1509 
1509-1547 
1 547-1 553 
1553-1558 
"|" 1554) 
1 558-1603 



House of Stuart. 



James I. 
Charles I. 



1603-1625 
1625-1649 



The Commonwealth. 



Stuart. 



1653-1658 
1660-16S5 
1 68 5- 1 688 



Oliver Cromwell 

Protector . 
Charles II. 
James II. 
William HI. of Orange 

and Alary (~|~ 1695) 1689-1702 
Anne Stuart . . 1702-1714 

House of Hanover. 

George I. . . 1714-1727 
(The Pretender James III. Stuart.) 

George II. . . 1727-1760 

(The Pretender Charles Edward, 

Stuart). 

George III. . . 1760- 1820 

George IV. . . . 1820-1830 

William IV. . . 1830-1837 

Victoria . . . 1837 



AUSTRIA.— House Hapsburg. 

Francis (II.) I, Emperor I Ferdinand I. 

of Austria . (1792) 1804-1835 | Francis Joseph I. 



1835-1848 
1848 



BRANDENBURG AND PRUSSIA. 



Margraves of Bradenburg. 
Albrecht I., the Bear . .1142 
Waldemar . . . 1317 
Henry I. "|" 1320 

Bavrian Margraves. 

Louis I. 1324-1351 

Louis II., the Roman 1351-1365 

Otho V., the Sluggard 1 365-1373 

Luxemburg Margraves. 

Charles IV. . . .1373 

Wenceslaus, of Bohemia, 1373- 1378 
Sigismund . . 1 378-141 5 
Electors of Brandenburg. 
House Hohenzollem. 
Frederick I. of Hohen- 
zollem . . 141 5-1440 
Frederick II. . . 1440-1470 
Albrecht, Achilles . 1470-1486 
John, Cicero . . 14S6-1499 
Joachim I. . . 1499-1 535 



Joachim II. . . 1535-1 57* 

John George . . 1 571-1598 

Joachim Frederick . 1 598-1608 
John Sigismund. 

(1618 Duke of Prussia) 1608-1619 

George William . . 1619-1640 
Frederick William I., 

The Great Elector . 1640- 1688 

Frederick III. . 1688-1701 

(1713) 
Kings of Prussia. 

House Hohenzollem. 

Frederick (III.) I. (1688) 1701-1713 
Frederick William I. . 1713-1740 
Frederick II, the Great, 1 740-1786 
Frederick William II. . 1786-1797 
Frederick William III. 1797-1840 
Frederick William IV. 1840-1861 
William I. . . . 1861-1888 

From 1 87 1 also Emperor of 
Germany. 



House of R uric. 

Ruric 862 

Vladimir the Great . . 1000 
Ivan I. the Great (Vasilowitz) 1477 
Ivan II., the Terrible . 1 533-1 584 

House of Romanoff. 
Michael Romanoff . 1613-1645. 
Alexis Michaelowitz 1645-1676 

Feodorlll. . . 1676-1682 

Ivan . . . 1682-1688 

Peter I., the Great (1682) 1689- 1725 
Catherine I. . . 1725-1727 



RUSSIA. 

Peter II. 



Anne . 

Ivan, of Brunswick 

Elizabeth . 



1727-1730 
1 730- 1 740 
1 740- 1 741 
1741-1762 



House of Holstein — Gottorp. 

Peter III 1762 

Catherine II, the Great, 1762- 1796 
Paul I. 1796-1801 
Alexander I. . . 1801-1825 
Nicholas I. . . 1825-1855 
Alexander II. . . 1855-1881 
Alexander III. . 1881 



SPAIN. 



Ferdinand and Isabella 



Castile and Leon. 


14/9 

Aragon. 




Joanna and Philip I. 


• I504 


Ferdinand II. 


1504 




Spain United. 




Ferdinand V. (Castile) 




Joseph Bonaparte . 1808- 


1813 


II. (Aragon) 


1512-1516 


Ferdinand VII. again 1813- 


1833 


Charles I. (V. of 




Isabella II. . 1833- 




Germany 1 5 19) . 


1516-1556 


(married Francis d'Assissi 


846) 




Cf 1558) 


(deposed 1868.) 




Philip II . 


1 556-1 598 


(abdicated 1870.) 




Philip III. 


1 598- 1 62 1 






Philip IV. . 


1621-1665 


Provisional Government. 




Charles II. 


1665-1700 


Amadeus I. . . 1870-1873 


Philip V. . 


1700-1724 


(son of Victor Emanuel. 




Louis I. . 


1724 






Philip V. again . 


1 7 24- 1 746 


Republic. 




Ferdinand VI. 


1 746- 1 7 59 






Charles III. 


1759-1788 


1873-1874- 




Charles IV. . 


1 788- 1 808 


Alfonso XII. . . 1874- 


18S5 


Ferdinand VII. . 


1808- 


Alfonso XIII. 




dethroned by Napoleon 


1808 


Queen Regentess Christina 





THE MOST IMPORTANT POPES. 



Leo, the Great 
Gregory, the Great, . 
Zacharias, 
Stephen III. 
Hadrian I. 
Leo III. . 
Nicholas 
Clement II. 
Gregory VII. (Hild.) 
Urban II. (Crusades) 
Pascal II. 
Calixtus II. 
Hadrian IV. 
Alexander III. 
Innocent III. 
Gregory IX. 
Innocent IY. 
Boniface VIII. 
John XXII. 
Innocent VI. 
Gregory XL 
Urban VI. . 



440- 461 
590- 604 
741- 752 
752- 757 
772- 795 
795- 816 
858- 867 
1 046- 1 047 
1073-1085 
1 088-1099 
1099-1118 
1119-1124 
1 1 54-1 1 59 
j 159-1181 
1198-1216 
1227-1241 
1 243-1254 
1 294-1 303 
1316-1334 
1 352-1362 
1370-1378 
1 378-1389 



John XXIII. . . 1410-1415 
At the same time Gregory XII. 
and Benedict XIII. 
Martin V. 
Nicholas V. 
Pius II. . 
Alexander VI. 
Julius II. 
Leo X. 
Hadrian VI. 
Clement VII. 
Paul III. 
Paul IV. 
Gregory XIII. 
Sixtus V. 
Innocent XI. 
Clement XIV. 
Pius VII. 
Leo XII. . 
Pius VIII, 
Gregory XVI. 
Pius IX. . 
Leo XIII. , 



89 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

George Washington ("[" 1799) 1789-1797 

John Adams 1797-1800 

Thomas Jefferson 1800-1809 

James Madison 1809-1817 

James Monroe 1817-1825 

John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 

Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 

Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 

William Henry Harrison 1841 

John Tyler 1841-1845 

James Knox Polk 1 845-1 849 

Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 

Millard Fillmore 1S50-1S53 

Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 

James Buchanan 1857-1861 

Abraham Lincoln ("J" 14th April, 1865) 1861-1865 

Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 

Ulysses S. Grant 1 869-1 877 

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881 

James A. Garfield 1S81 

Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 

Benjamin Harrison 1889 



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APPENDIX. 

America, the great Western Continent, is about 9,000 miles long, with an 
area of about 13,668,000 square miles. It is now believed to have 
been visited by the Norsemen, or Vikings, in the tenth and eleventh 
centuries ; but the modern discovery is due to the sagacity and cour- 
age of the Genoese navigator, Christopher Columbus. 

1492, Aug. 3, to 1493, March 15. First Voyage of Columbus from Palos in 

Andalusia, on Friday, with vessels supplied by the sovereigns of 
Spain. 

1493, Sept. 25, to 1496, June 11. Second Voyage of Columbus from Cadiz, 

with seventeen vessels and 1,500 persons. 

1497, May to Aug. Voyage of John and Sebastian Cabot from Bristol 

(sent out by Henry VII. of England). 

1498, May 30, to 1500, Nov. 25. Third Voyage of Columbus. Discovers 

Trinidad; lands on terra finna without knowing it to be a new conti- 
nent, naming it Isla Santa. 

1499, May, to 1500, June. Voyage of Alonzo de Ojeda and Amerigo 
Vespucci. Discovery of Surinam, Paria, Venezuela and the coast of 
South America. 

1500, Gaspar Cortercal discovers Labrador. 

1502, May 11, to 1504, Nov. 7. Fourth {and last) Voyage of Columbus. 

1501-3. Slaves imported into Ilispaniola. 

1506. Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, May 20. 

1506. Juan Diaz de Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon discover Yucatan. 

151 1. Subjugation of Cuba by Diego Velasquez. 

1 51 2. The coast of" Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 

1 51 3. Vasco de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Darien and discovers the 

South Pacific Ocean. 
1 517. Mexico discovered by Fernando de Cordova. 
1 519-21. Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortcz. 



103 

1520. Passage of the Straits of Magellan by Ferdinand Magelhaen. 

1525-27. Exploration of the coast of Peru by Francisco Pizarro. 

1526. Voyage of Sebastian Cabot in the service of Spain. 

1531-35. Pizarro invades and conquers Peru. 

1534-35. Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, enters the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
and sails up as far as the site of Montreal. 

1539, May, to 1543, Sept. Expedition of Ferdinando de Soto, for the con- 

quest of Florida, with no result. De Soto led his men westward to 
the Mississippi and explored it to the Ohio. 

1540. Expedition of Cartier to the St. Lawrence, with five ships. The 
French possessions in North America were designated generally as 
New France. 

1 555-1 560-1 564. Three attempts of Admiral de Coligny to establish a 
Protestant (Huguenot) settlement in America. Fort Carolina on the 
St. John river in Florida. 

1565. Construction of three forts on the St. John (Castle of St. Augustine). 

1576-78. Three voyages of Martin Frobisher in search of a northwest 
passage. 

1 585. Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the first English settlement at Roanoke, 
Virginia. 

1604. Foundation of Port Royal (the present Annapolis) in Acadia, now 
Nova Scotia, by the French. 

1607. Jamestown, in Virginia, the first English settlement on the mainland, 
founded by Lord de laWarr. 

1605. Quebec founded by the French. 

1609. Henry Hudson explored the coast from Newfoundland to the Chesa- 
peake, and entered Hudson river. 

1610. Hudson Bay discovered by Henry Hudson. Trading voyages of the 
Dutch, 1610-1613. 

1614. The Dutch build Fort Manhattan, or New Amsterdam (now New 
York) on the Hudson. Fort Orange. 



104 

i6i4- Settlement in New England by Capt. John Smith. 

1619. Introduction of negro slaves into Virginia. 

1620. Settlement of Plymouth by the non-conformists exiles. 
Puritans — Pilgrim Fathers — Mayflower, Speedwell. 

1622. Massacre of 347 colonists by the Indians in Virginia. 

1G26. Peter Minuit, having purchased Manhattan Island for twenty-four 
dollars, founds the settlement of New Amsterdam (New York). 

1627. Delaware settled by the Swedes and Dutch. 

1629. Establishment of the Company of Massachusetts Bay. 

1629. Canada taken by the English; restored to the French, 1632. 

1630. Settlement of Boston. Colony of Connecticut (1630-35). 

1634. Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore. 

1635. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams and his brethren. 
1638. Harvard College founded by John Harvard. 

1664. New York captured by the English. 

1673. Mississippi explored by Marquette and Joliet. By Hennepin and 
La Salle, 1680. By Lemoine d' Iberville, 1699. 

16S2. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. 

1682. Louisiana settled by the French. 

1 7 1 7. New Orleans built. 

1733. Settlement of Georgia, the last of the old thirteen colonies: (New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York f 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia). 

1748. Formation of the Ohio Company. 

1754. Kentucky settled by Daniel Boone. 

1754. First Congress held at Albany, June 14. Benjamin Franklin. 






I 755~ I /63- War between England and France in the American colonies. 
Battle of Fort du Ouesne, Crown Point, Lake George, Massacre of the 
Garrison of Fort William Henry (1757), Ticonderoga, Louisburg, Fort 
Frontenac (1758). Battle of the Plains of Abraham — Wolfe and 
Montcalm. Surrender of Quebec, 1759. 

1760. Montreal and all Canada surrender to the English. 

1762. Storming of Havana by the English. 

1763. Peace of Paris — between Great Britian, France, Spain, Portugal. 
France ceded to England Nova Scotia, Canada, and all islands in 
the gulf and river St. Lawrence (reserving the right to fish), and 
everything east of the Mississippi river excepting New Orleans. 
Spain ceded to England Florida and all other possessions east of the 
Mississippi and gave up her claims to the Newfoundland fisheries. 
England restored Havana to Spain. England ceded to France the 
islands of St. Peter and Miquelon for fishing stations. France ceded 
Louisiana and New Orleans to Spain. 

1764. March. The British Parliament voted that they had a right to tax the 

American colonies, though the colonies were not represented. 

1765. March. Passage of the Stamp Act. 

1765, Oct. 7. Colonial Congress held in New York. "Declaration of rights 

and liberties." 

1766, March. Stamp Act repealed. 

1768. Gen. Gage sent to Boston. The Boston Massacre, 1770. 
1 770-1 782. Lord North, prime minister. 

1773. 342 chests of tea were emptied into the water (Boston Tea Party). 

1774. Boston Port Bill (port rights annulled). 

1774, Sept. 3. First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Samuel and 
John Adams, John Jay, George Washington, Patrick Henry. Peyton 
Randolph, President. Declaration of rights adopted. 

'775. April. First action between the English and Americans at Lexington ; 
British retreat. 

1775-1783. War of Independence. 



106 

1775- ^ ia Y IO - The Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. 
A Continental Army of 20,000 men was voted and George Washington 
made Commander-in-Chief. 

1776, July 4. Declaration of Indepe7idence. 

1777, Nov. 15. Articles of Confederation agreed upon in Congress. The 
Confederacy to be called, " The United States of America." 

1778, Jan. 30, to Feb. 6. Treaties with Trance; recognition of the Inde- 
pendence of the I nited States. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and 

Arthur Lee. 

1781, Oct. 19. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis and his whole army of 7,000 

men to Generals Washington and Rochambeau, at Yorktown. 

1782, May. Arrival of Sir Guy Carleton to treat for Peace. Preliminary 

articles signed at Paris between Great Britain and the United States, 
Nov. 30. 

1783, Sept. 3. Definitive Treaty of Peace signed at Paris between Great 

Britain, United States, France and Spain; ratified by Congress, 
Jan. 14, 1784. The 'Treaty bounded the United States by the Great 
Takes, the Mississippi and the Ocean; Florida being restored to 
Spain. 

1783, Dec. 23. George Washington resigned his commission to Congress. 

1787, May. Delegates meet at Philadelphia in a Convention of States to 
form a new Constitution. The Constitution of the United States 
signed Sept. 17, which was forthwith laid before the separate States; 
ratified June, 1788. 

1789, March 4. First National Congress met at New York. New Govern- 
ment organized. George Washington (Virginia) first President, 
inaugurated April 30. John Adams, Vice-President. Three executive 
departments created— Secretary of State ( Thomas fefferson) ; Secretary 
of the Treasury, {Alexander Hamilton) ; Secretary of War {Henry 
Knox). These, with the Attorney-General, formed the Cabinet. A 
national judiciary was also established, fohn fay. Chief fustice of 
the Supreme Court. 



1789- First ten Amendments (in the nature of a bill of rights) to the Constitu- 
tion proposed by Congress to the State legislatures, and ratified, in the 
course of two years, by three-fourths of the Slates. 

1790. The financial affairs of the country were put on a firm basis. The 
seat of government to be at Philadelphia for ten years, and after that 
permanently located on the Potomac, where land was ceded by the 
States of Maryland and Virginia (District of Columbia), and the city 
of Washington laid out. 

1790, April 17. Death of Benjamin Franklin. 
1790-95. Indian War. 

1 791, June. A National Bank {United States Bank) chartered for twenty 

years (capital, $10,000,000), and a mint established at Philadelphia, 
1792. 

1792, Two parties now came into prominence; the Republican, afterwards 
Democratic led by Jefferson; and the Federal, whose leaders were 
Hamilton and Adams. 

1820. Democrats and Whigs. 1S56. Democrats and Republicans 
(Whigs and Know- Nothings). 

1793, March 5. George Washington, /'resident. John Adams, Vice-Presi- 

dent. Second term. 

1793, April 22. Proclamation of Neutrality. Neutrality Act passed 1794. 

1793. Fugitive Slave A t substantially a dead letter until revived, 1850. 

1794. Eleventh Amendment, securing the non-suability of States. 
Whiskey insurrection in western Pennsylvania. 

1794, Nov. 19. Treaty of amity, commerce and navigation (Jay's treaty) 
was concluded with England. 

1796, Sept. 18. Washington's farewell address to Congress. 

1797, March 4. John Adams (Massachusetts), President; Thomas J, 

J 'ice-President. 
1799, Dec. 14. Death of George Washington at Mount Vernon. 
1S00, Nov. 22. Congress me! in Washington for the first time . 



1C8 

iSoi, March 4. Thomas Jefferson, {Virginia) President; Aaron Burr, Vice* 
President. 

1801-5. War with Tripoli. Treaty, 1805 — no more tribute to be paid by 
the United States. Louisiana restored to France (1801). 

1803. Louisiana purchased 'from the French. The price was fifteen millions 
of dollars. 

1803, Dec. 12. Twelfth Amendment, altering the mode of electing President 

and Vice-President, ratified 1804. 

1804, July. Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 

1S05, March 4. Thomas Jefferson (second term), President; George Clinton, 
Vice-President. 

1807, Discussion between America and England respecting the rights of 
neutrals. American commerce was paralyzed by the British "Orders 
in Council" and Napoleon's "Berlin Decree" which closed all 
European ports against neutral vessels. 

1807, June 22. The firigate, Chesapeake, was fired into by the British ship, 
Leopard, and four men claimed as deserters were taken. American 
ports closed to the British in July and reparation demanded ; trade 
suspended. Embargo laid by the United States, Dec. 22. 

1807, Sept. 2. Robert Fulton s first steamboat {Clermont). Voyage up the 

Hudson. 

1808, Jan. 1. The importation of slaves prohibited. 

1S09, March 4. James Madison (Virginia), President. George Clinton 
(second term), J 'ice-President. 

181 1, May 16. Engagement between the American frigate, President, and 

the British ship, Little Bell. 

181 2, April 4. Embargo for ninety days. War declared against Great 

Britain, June iS. 

181 2-14. War with Great Britain. Events of 1812. Unsuccessful invasion 
of Canada, on the water, however, the Americans captured the 
Alert, the Guerriere, the Frolic, the Macedonian and the Java. 



1813, March 4. James Madison {second term), President ; Elbridge Gerry, 
Vice-President. 

1813, Massacre of Frenchtown, Jan. 22. York surrendered, April 27. Lake 

Erie (Perry), Sept. 10. Near the Thames, Oct. 5. 

1814. Chippewa, July 5. Lundy s Lane, July 15. Fort Erie. 

1814, Aug. 24. Battle of Bladensburg (Ross). The city of Washington 
taken and public edifices burnt. The British repulsed in an attack on 
Baltimore (Sept. 13). Jackson captures Pensacola. Battle of New- 
Orleans, Jan. 8, 181 5. 

1814, Dec. 24. Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, signed at Ghent; ratified 

Feb. 17, 1S/5. 

1815, March. War declared against Algiers. A treaty negotiated with 

Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis (June). 

1816, The second United States Bank chartered for twenty years. 

1817, March 4. James Monroe { Virginia), President. Daniel D. Tompkins, 

1 'ice- President. 

181 7. Treaty with the Indians. 

1817-18. Semitiole War {Jackson). Invasion of Florida, then a province 
of Spain. 

1S18, Aug. 24. Center foundation of the Capitol at Washington laid. 

1818. Pensions granted t<> the survivors <>f the revolutionary army in needy 
circumstances. 

1818, Oct. 20. Convention with Great Britain as to the fisheries, bounda- 

ries, etc. 

1819, Feb. 22. Treaty with Spain. Florida ceded to the United States. 

Financial crisis, 1819. 

1820, The "Missouri Compromise" of Ffenry Clay, regarding slavery, passed 
March 3. 

1821, March 5. James Monroe {second term). President. Daniel IK Tomp- 

kins {second term), Vice-President. 



i822, March 8. The United States acknowledge the independence of the 
South-American Republics. 

1823, "The Monroe Doctrine :" That the American continents are hence- 
forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any- 
European power. 

1824-25. Visit of LaFayette to the United States. 

1824, Oct. 3. Treaty with Colombia. 

1825, March 4. John Quincy Adams {Massachusetts), President. John C. 

Calhoun, I T ice-President. 

1825. The Erie canal finished. The first railroad in America (at Quincy, 
Mass.) was completed in 1827, although steam was not used on such 
a road in this country until 1829. 

1826, July 4. Death of John Adams, go years, and of Thomas Jefferson, 

82 years. 

1828. Tariff bill, imposing heavy duties on imported goods, May 13. 

1529, March 4. Andrew Jackson (Tennessee), President. John C. Calhoun 

(second term), Vice-President. 

Inauguration of the Spoils System. About 690 office holders removed 
by the President during the first year of his administration, in con- 
trast with only seventy-four removals by all former Presidents. 

1830, The first Locomotive built by Peter Cooper in II alt; more. 

1530, May 7. Treaty with the Ottoman. 

1 831, July 4. Convention with France. Mutual settlement of claims. 

1832, Nov. Nullification Ordinance (Col. Hayne and Daniel Webster). 

Dec. 10. Nullification Proclamation. Nullification Message, Jan. 16, 
1833. Tnis trouble was ended by the Compromise Tariff Act, intro- 
duced by Henry Clay, Feb. 12, 1833. 

1832. Black Hawk War. 

1854. The Indian Territory organized. The years 1837-38 were occupied 

: nth the final transfer of the Cherokees to their home in the West 

(Gen. Scott). 



1835. Dec. 16. A fire broke out in the lower part of New York City and 

laid thirty acres of buildings in ashes. 

1 S3 5-42. War with the Seminole Indians, 

1836. National debt paid off. 

1837. March 4. Martin Van Buren {New York), President. Richard M. 

Johnson, Vice-President. 

1837. Financial Crisis. Rebellion in Canada. 

1838, April 8-23. The Great Western sailed from Bristol to New York. 

1840. July 5. The Cunard steamers began to sail. 

1 841, March 4. William Henry Harrison {Ohio), President. John Tyler, 

Vice-President. 

1 84 1 , April 4. Death of President Harrison . 
1S41. April 6. John Tyler {Virginia), President. 

1842, Aug. 9. The Webster-Ash burton Treaty, denning the boundaries of the 

United States and the British-American possessions, ratified Aug. 20. 

1842. Bunker Hill Moinmicnt completed. Dedicated June 17, 1843. 

1844. Experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore, 
built by Professor S. F. B. Morse. (Money appropriated by Congress). 

1845. March 4. James Knox Polk {Tennessee), President. Gem 
Dallas, Vice- Preside n I. 

1S45. May 24. Sir John Fran/Jin's third and last Arctic expedition. Their 
protracted absence caused intense anxiety. Expeditions {from United 
States) were sent in search, under Lieut. De Haven and Dr. Kane, 
1850; Dr. Kane, 1853; Lieut. H. J. Hartstene, 1835 ( m search of 
Dr. Kane). 

1 846. June ij. The Oregon Boundary Treaty. 

1847. Discovery of Gold in California. 

1846-48. War with Mexico. Treaty of Peace, Feb. 2, 184S. 

1849. Jlarchj. Zachary Taylor {Louisiana), President. Md/ard Fillmore, 
I ice President. 



112 

1850, March 31. Death of John C. Calhoun. 

1850, April 19. Clayton- Bidwer Treaty with Gnat Britain, ratified July 4. 
(Central America). 

1850, July 9. Death of President Taylor. 

1850, July 16. Millard Fillmore {New York), President. 

1850, Sept. 18. Fugitive Slave Pais. Clay's Omnibus Bill. 

185 1, June 29. Death of Henry Clay. 

1851, Dec. 24. Fire in Washington. 

1852, Oct. 24. Death of Daniel Webster, jo years. 

1853, March 4. Franklin Pierce {New Hampshire), President. William R. 
King, I r ice-Prt stden t. 

1853, July 14. Crystal Palaee opened at New York — the second Worlds 

Fair. 

185s, Dec. Boundary dispute with Mexico, settled by the Gadsden pun hase, 

June, 1S54. 

1854, Jan. 9. Astor Library opened New York. 

1854. March 23. Commercial Treaty with Japan (Commodore Perry.) 

1854, June 7. Reciprocity Treat) with Great Britain. 

1S54, May. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed, Dreadful election riots in 
Kansas, 1S55. Battle in Kansas — the pro-slavery men (under Capt. 
Reid), defeat John Brown and the abolitionists, Aug., 1856. 

1S36. Democratic and Republican { Whigs and Know-Nothings) parties. 

1857, March 4. fames Buchanan (Pennsylvania), President. John C. Breck- 
inrii Igc, Vice- Pre sid en i. 

1857, March 6. Judgment given in the " Dred Scott" case in the Supreme 
Court. 

1857. Central American question settled. {Clayton- Bulger Treaty). 
1857. Great commercial distress throughout the country. Panic in New 
York, Aug. 



113 

1858, Aug. 5. The laying of the First Telegraphic Cable across the Atlantic 
Ocean was completed. Cyrus IV. Field. 

1858, June 18 to Nov. 8. Treaties with China. (Anson Burlingame). 

1859, J an * 2 ^- Death of W. H. Prescott, the historian. 

1559, O ct - T 6- John Brown, with a handful of desperate characters, seized 

the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry ; but, after half his men 
were killed, was captured and hanged, Dec. 2. 

1859, Nov. Great agitation in Congress. 

1859, Nov. 28. Death of Washington Irving, the prince of American letters. 

i860, May 16. The National Republican Convention met at Chicago. 
Abraham Lincoln chosen as candidate for the presidency ; in Novem- 
ber received the electoral votes of all the free States, New Jersey 
excepted, but none from the slave States. 

The National Democratic Convention met at Charleston, S. C, 
April 28; southern members secede April 30; adjourns May 3, to 
meet at Baltimore, June 18. Seceding members are refused re- 
admission. The regular Convention nominates Stephen A. Douglas 
for President. The seceding delegates (including many from the 
north), meet in separate Convention and nominate John C. Breck- 
inridge. 

303 Electors were appointed to vote for a President, 1 52 to be a 
majority. Abraham Lincoln received 180; John C.Breckinridge, 72; 
John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12. 

1560, May 29. Charles F. Hall, of Cincinnati, sails from New London. 

His first arctic expedition. 

1S60, June 28. The Great Eastern arrives at New York. 

i860, July 7. Dr. Isaac I. Hayes sailed from Boston Harbor. Arctic 

exploration. 

i860, Oct. The Prince of Wales visits the United States. 
i860, Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes from the Union. 
i860, Dec. 26. Major Anderson occupies Fort Sumter. 

1860, Dec. 30. Delegates from South Carolina not received by the President. 



i86i, January. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and 
Texas secede; in April, Virginia. 

1861. In May, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee. Missouri and Kentucky 
declared themselves neutral. 

i86i), Feb. 4. Delegates from the seceded States met in Convention at 
Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a provisional government — 
Confederate States of America. Feb. 8. Jefferson Davis elected 
President. The seceding States endeavored to seize all the national 
property within their borders, and were successful except at Pensacola 
(Florida) and Charleston (South Carolina). At the latter place the 
commander of the United Stales forces withdrew to Fort Sumter, 
Dec. 26, i860, and on the 9th of January, 1861, a steamer (the Star 
of the West), bringing him supplies, was fired on by the State forces 
and forced to return. The war begins. Major Anderson refused to 
surrender Fort Sumter when summoned, April n. but was forced to 
capitulate, April 13. 

1 86 1, March 4. Abraham Lincoln {Illinois), President. Hannibal Hamlin, 

Vice- President. 

1861, March 12. Southern Commissioners not received by the President at 
Washington. (The government of the so-called Confederate States 
attempted to open negotiations with the Federal authorities for a 
peaceful separation, but the President declined to entertain any such 
proposition ). 

1S61-1865. The Civil War. 

1863, Jan. 1. The Emancipation Proclamation. 

1864, June 19. The steamer Alabama sunk by the iron-clad Kearsarge 

(Capt. Winslow). 

1864, July I. Charles F. Hall sails from New London. His second arctic 
expedition. Returning, arrived at New Bedford, Mass., Sept. 22, 1S69. 

1S65, Feb. 1. The Thirteenth Amendment, prohibiting slavery within the 
United States, ratified Dec. 18. 

1S65, March 4. Abraham Lincoln (re-elected), President. Andrew Johnson, 
dent. 



115 

1865, April 9. General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court 

House to General Ulysses S. Grant 

865, April 14. Union Flag replaced at Fort Sumter. 

865, April 14, 11. p.m. Assassination of President Lincoln, at Ford's 
Theater, by J. Wilkes Booth. 

865, April 14. William H. Seward, Secretary of State (and his son), 
wounded in his own house by an assassin. 

865, April 15. Andrew Johnson {Tennessee), President. 

865, April 26. J. Wilkes Booth shot, and his accomplice, Harold, captured 
in a farm house. 

865, May 11. Jefferson Davis captured at Irwinsville, Georgia, and im- 
prisoned. 

865, May 22. President Johnson proclaims the opening of the Southern 
ports, and an amnesty with certain exceptions, May 29. 

865, June 1. Solemn fast observed for the death of President Lincoln. 

865, June. The armies disband. Riots in New York between whites and 

negroes. 
865, Nov. 2. National Thanksgiving for /' 

865, Dec. 29. Eighty-five members for southern States excluded from 
Congress. Congress refuses to recognize the State governments 
instituted in the South, and insists upon a plan of reconstruction 
different from that of the President. Beginning of the contest 
between the President and Congress. 

1866, April 9. The Civil Rights Bill passed over the President's veto. 
1866, May 29. Death of General Winfield Scott, 80 years. 

1866, June 16. The Fourteenth Amendment, securing to the freedmen the 
right of citizenship, ratified July 28. 

1866, July. Continued dissensions between the President and Congress. 

1866, July 27. The Atlantic Telegraph completed {Great Eastern). 

1866, Aug. 14. Great meeting at Philadelphia of the National Union Con- 
vention. 



1 866, Aug. 24 to Sept. 18. Tour of the President — Philadelphia, New York, 
Chicago, etc., enthusiastically received. 

1866, Oct. Trial of Jefferson Davis deferred. 

1867, Jan. 7. Impeachment of the President agreed to in committee. 

1867, Feb. Mr. Peabody gives $2,000,000 to promote education in the 
Southern States. 

1867, Feb. 20. Bill for establishing military government in the Southern 
States, divided into five districts, passed; vetoed by the President^ 
Feb. 28. 

1867, March 2. Tenure of Office Bill passed over the President's veto. 

1867, March 20. Supplementary re-construction bill for the South passed 
over the President's veto. 

1867, March 13. Russian America {Alaska), purchased by the United States 
for 57,200,000. Area, 577,340 square miles. Treaty ratified, April 9. 
Ceded, Oct. 8. 

1867, May 13. Jefferson Davis released on bail. 

1867, Aug. 5. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, refuses to resign at the 
request of the President; suspended; succeeded by General Grant, 
Aug. 12. 

1867, Sept. 17. National Cemetery dedicated at Antietam. 

1867, Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish West Indies (St. Thomas and 

St. John), for $7,500,000, signed. Rejected by Senate, March 20, 1870. 

1868, Jan. 4. President Johnson censured, and Gen. Sheridan thanked by 
House of Representatives. 

1868, Jan. 15. Stanton restored to War Department. 

1868, January. Great commercial depression. 

1868, Feb. 21. President Johnson orders dismissal of Stanton — declared 
illegal by the Senate. 

1868, Jan. 28 to Feb. 14. Angry correspondence between the President and 
Gen. Grant. 



i868, Feb. 24 — May 26. Impeachment of President Johnson by the House 
of Representatives. He had opposed the re-construction measures of 
Congress; but the immediate cause of the impeachment was an 
alleged violation of the Tenure of Office Act of March, 1867. The 
trial comes before the Senate, March 23. The Senate acquitted him 
by one vote, May 26. (Salmon P. Chase.) 

1868, June 5. Chinese embassy received by the President. 

1868, June 11. Bill for re-admitting North and South Carolina, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Florida and Alabama to representation in Congress, passed 
by the Senate. Arkansas re-admitted, June 20, over the President's 
veto. 

1868, July 4. General amnesty (with exceptions) issued. 

1868, Aug. 12. Thaddeus Stevens died. 

1869, Feb. 6. Prosecution of Jefferson Davis dropped; a nolle proscqtn 

entered. 

1869, Feb. 26. Fifteenth Amendment, that the right to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged on account of "race, color, or previous condition 
of servitude," ratified March 30, 1S70. 

1869, March 4, Ulysses S. Grant (Illinois), President. Schuyler Colfax, 
Vice President. 

1869, June 15. Great Peace Jubilee held at Boston; colossal concert 
(10,371 voices, 1,094 instruments, eti . . 

1869, Sept. 24. Gold Panic in New York. 
1869, Nov. 4. George Peabody died in London. 

1869, Nov. 6. Admiral Charles Stewart died, 92 years. 

[870, Jan. 26. Darien Canal scheme approved by Congress and treaty 
signed. 

1870, Jan. 24. Prince Arthur presented to President Grant; attended Mr. 

Peabody's funeral February 8. 

1870, March 23. Bill for purchase of St. Thomas' Isle rejected by the 
Senate. 



118 

1870, May 12. Pacific Railway completed across the continent. 

1870, June 10. San Domingo annexation treaty rejected by the Senate. 

1870, July 12. Admiral J. A. Dahlgren died. 

1870, July. New Tariff Bill passed (to take effect Jan. 1, 1S71). 

1870, August 14. Admiral David G. Farragut died, 70 years. 

1870, August. Strict neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war proclaimed. 

1870, Oct. 4. Meeting of the Southern Convention at Cincinnati for political 

and commercial affairs. 

1871, Jan. 11. San Domingo Commission appointed. Commissioners report 

to Senate April 4. Defeated. 

1 87 1,' March 5. Proclamation against the Ku-Klux in South Carolina. 

1 87 1, Feb. 27. Commission to settle disputes with Great Britain respecting 
the Alabama claims, fishery question and the San Juan affair, met at 
Washington, Feb. 27, sign treaty, agreeing to arbitration at Geneva. 

1 87 1, May 8. Treaty of Washington with Great Britain provided: I. For 
the reference to the Emperor of Germany of the dispute as to the 
Oregon boundary (decided in favor of the United States, Oct. 21, 1^72). 
2. Settlement of fishery dispute. 3. Alabama claims. Ratified May 26. 

i87i,July 3, Charles F.Hall sailed from New London, U. S. S. Polaris. 

Capt. Hall died, Thank-God Harbor (Nov. 8, 1871, 50 years), near 

Brevoort Cape. The Polaris crushed in the ice. Party reached 

New York, Oct., 1873. 
187 1, Sept. Great excitement in New York over the frauds of the Tweed 

"ring." Tweed arrested, Oct. 28. 

1871, Oct. 8-1 1. Chicago fire. 

1S71, Nov. 18. Grand-duke Alexis arrived in New York. 

157 1 , Dec. 18. Formal meeting of the Alabama Arbitration Commission at 

Geneva. (Adjourned to June 15, 1872.) 

1872, Jan. 1— 1 5. Serious political disturbances in New Orleans. 

1572, March. Formation of Yellowstone Park, about 3,000 square miles, in 

Wyoming Territory, authorized by Congress. 



119 

1872, June. Dispute with Spain respecting unjust imprisonment of Dr. 
Howard, an American citizen, in Cuba, since Dec. 13, 1870, settled. 
Dr. Howard released. 

1872, June. General labor strike in New York; 100,000 workmen cease 
work. 

1872, June 17 to July 4. International musical peace jubilee at Boston. 

1872, Sept. Announcement of the award of the Geneva arbitration on the 
Alabama claim, etc. 
$15,984,370 acknowledged by Mr. Secretary Fish, Sept. 9. 

1872, Oct. 23. William I., Emperor of Germany, arbitrator in the San Juan 
difficulty, awards the island to the United States — the Canal de Haro 
became the international boundary. Thus was settled the only 
remaining dispute concerning the boundaries of the United States. 

1872, Oct. 10. William H. Seward died. 

1872, Nov. 9-10. Great Fire in Boston. 

1872, Nov. to Dec. Political disturbances in Louisiana. 

1872, Dec. 19. Beginning of the Credit-Mobilier Scandal in Congress. 

1872, Nov. 29. Death of Ho?-ace Greeley, 61 years. 

1873, J an - l 7- Modoc Indians defeat troops sent to expel them. 
1873, Feb. Civil War in Louisiana; fighting in New Orleans. 

1873, March /. U. S. Grant {re-elected), President. Henry IVils, 

President. 
1873, Ma Y 7- Death of Chief Justice S. P. Chase. 

1873, J u ty J 4- U- S. Steamer " Tigress" sent for the rescue of the Polaris, 
under Commander J. A. Greer ; and the "Juniata," under Commander 
D. L. Blaine. 

1873, Sept. 19 to Nov. Financial Crisis in New York. 

1874, Feb. Women's Whiskey War in Ohio: in New York, Feb. .?,-. War 

resisted ; subsides March, April. 

1874, March II. Charles Sumner died — Senator. 



120 

iS74> Sept. 15. Insurrection at New Orleans against W. P. Kellogg, Gover- 
nor of Louisiana, whom they deposed. Restored Sept. 18. 

1874, Dec. Congress passes a bill for the resumption of Specie payment, 

Jan. i, 1879. 

1 87 5, Feb. Civil Rights {of negroes) Bill passed. 

1875, June 17. Centenary of battle of Bunker Hill celebrated. 

1875, Sept. 30. John McCloskey, Roman Catholic Archbishop of New 

York, made first North-American Cardinal. 

1876, Jan. 1. Centennial Year begun with great demonstrations at Phila- 

delphia. 
1876, May 10. International (Centennial) Exhibition opened at Philadel- 
phia, closed Nov. 10. 

1876, June 25. Massacre of Gen. Custer and his command by the Indians 
under Sitting Bull. 

1876, July 4. Centenary of the Foundation of the Republic. 

The national elections of this year were very close, and Congress 
appointed an Electoral Commission in December (a joint high Com- 
mission of five Senators, five Representatives, and five Justices of the 
Supreme Court), which declared the Republican Candidate elected, 
March 2, 1877. 

18-7, March j. Rutherford B. Hayes {Ohio), President. William A. Wheeler, 
I tee-President. 

1S77, May 28, to 1879. General Grant visits Europe (around the world). 

1877, July 16-22. Railway Strikes — reign of terror Pittsburgh and West 

Virginia. Gen. Sheridan sent to Pittsburgh, July 22, Tranquillity 
restored about Aug. 4. Damage, about $3,000,000. Chicago riot, 
July 25. 

1878, June 19. Lieut. Frederick Schwatka, U. S. N., sailed from New York 

in steamer "Eothen," commanded by Capt. T. F. Barry. Returned 
Sept., 1880. Principally a land (sledding) expedition (Franklin search 
expedition). 

1878, Aug., Sept., Oct. Many deaths by Yellow Fever in the Southern 
States. 



121 

1878, Dec. 18. Gold at par {first time since 1862). 

The establishment of a Resident Chinese Embassy at Washington- 
Chen Lau Pin, Minister Plenipotentiary, received by the President 
Sept. 28. 

1879, J an - x - Resumption of Specie payment. 

1879, July 8. Capt. De Long in the Jeannette (James Gordon Bennett Expe- 
dition) sailed from San Francisco. North of Bering Straits Jeannette 
crushed in the ice, June 13, 1881. Revenue steamer "Corwin," Capt. 
C. L. Hooper, in search of the Jeannette, May 22 to Oct. 12, 1S80. 

18S0, Nov. 17. Treaty with China. 

1SS1, May 4 to Oct. 20. Second cruise of the Corwin. Capt. C. L. Hooper. 

1881, June 16. U. S. S. Rodgers, Lieut. R. M. Berry. The Rodgers burned 
in St. Lawrence Bay, Nov. 30, 1881. 

iSSi.June 16 to Oct. 11. Cruise of the U. S. S. "Alliance," relief of the 
Jeannette. Capt. C. H.Wadliegh. 

1881, March 4. James A. Garfield {Ohio), President. Chester A. Arthur, 
President. 

iSS 1 , May. Dispute between the Pre ident and Senator Conkling respecting 
appointment of Collector of Customs at New York. Conkling resigns. 

1881, July 2. President Garfield shot and mortally wounded. Died Sept. 19. 
Succeeded by Chester A. Arthur (New York), President, Sept. 20. 

18S2, May 6. Immigration of Chinese laborers suspended for ten years, in 
accordance with the treaty with China, Nov. 17, 1880. 

1883, Jan. 9. Civil service act (Pendleton Bill) introduced the principle of 
compulsory competitive examination into the civil service of the 
Inited States. 

1885, March 4. Grovcr Cleveland {New York), President. Thomas A. 

Hendricks, i r ice-President. 
18S5, J u ty 2 3- Ulysses S. Grant- -. 

Nov. 25. Thomas A. Hendricks -k Vice-President. 

1886, Aug. 4. Samuel f. Tilden + 

Nov. 18. Chester A. Arthur -V. John A. Logan '-.Dec. 26. 
1889, March 4.. Benjamin Harrison, President. Levi P. Morton, Vice- 
President. 



132 



THE THIRTEEN STATES OF THE UNION, AT THE DECLARATION 
OF INDEPENDENCE, 1776. 



New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts. 
Rhode Island. 
Connecticut. 



New York. 
New Jersey. 
Pennsylvania. 
Delaware. 
Maryland. 



Virginia. 
North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 
Georgia. 



THE FOLLOWING HAVE BEEN ADDED : 



1790- 


. Columbia, Distric 


of (un- 


1850. 


California. 




der the immediate 


govern- 


1850. 


New Mexico, Territory. 




ment of 1 Congress), 


contains 


1850. 


Utah, Territory '. 




Washington, the seat of 


1353- 


Washington, Territory. 




Government. 




1857. 


Minnesota. 


1791. 


Vermont. 




1859. 


Oregon. 


1792. 


Kentucky. 




1861. 


Kansas. 


1796. 


Tennessee. 




1861. 


Dakota, Territory. 


1802. 


Ohio. 




1863. 


Arizona, Territory. 


1812. 


Louisiana (bought from 


1863. 


Idaho, Territory. 




France, 1803). 




1864. 


West Virginia. 


1816. 


Indiana. 




1S64. 


Nevada. 


1817. 


Mississippi. 




1864. 


Montana, Territory. 


1818. 


Illinois. 




1867. 


Nebraska. 


1819. 


Alabama. 




1868. 


Wyoming, Territory. 


1820. 


Maine. 




1868. 


Alaska, Territory. 


1821. 


Missouri. 




1876. 


Colorado. 


1834. 


Indian Territory. 




1889. 


Washington. 


1836. 


Arkansas. 




1889. 


North Dakota. 


1837. 


Michigan. 




1889. 


South Dakota. 


1845. 


Florida (ceded by Spain, 


1820). 


1889. 


Montana. 


1845. 


Texas. 




1889. 


Oklahoma, Territory. 


1846. 


Iowa. 




1889. 


Wyoming. 


1848. 


Wisconsin. 




1890. 


Idaho. 



United States of America. 





PRESIDENT. 


Inaugurated. 


VICE-PRESIDENT. 


1789 


George Washington. 


(30th April) 


John Adams. 


'793 


Re-elected. 


(5th March) 


Re-elected. 


1797 


John Adams. . 


(4th March) 


Thomas Jefferson. 


1S01 


Thomas Jefferson. 


(4th March) 


Aaron Burr. 


1805 


Re-elected. . 


(4th March) 


George Clinton. 


1809 


James Madison. . 


(4th March) 


Re-elected. 


1813 


Re-elected. . 


(4th March) 


Elbridge Gerry. 


1817 


James Monroe. 


(4th March) 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


1821 


Re-elected. . 


(5th March) 


Re-elected. 


1825 


John Quincy Adams. . 


(4th March) 


John C. Calhoun. 


1829 


Andrew Jackson. 


(4th March) 


Re-elected. 


1S33 


Re-elected. 


(4th March) 


Martin Van Buren. 


1837 


Martin Van Buren. . 


(4th March) 


Richard M. Johnson. 


1841 


William Henry Harrison. 


(4th March) 


John Tyler. 


1841 


John Tyler. 


(6th April) 




1S45 


James Knox Polk. 


(4th March) 


George M. Dallas. 


1849 


Zachary Taylor. 


(5th March) 


Millard Fillmore. 


1850 


Millard Fillmore. 


(16th July) 




1853 


Franklin Pierce. 


(4th March) 


William R. King. 


1857 


James Buchanan. 


(4th March) 


John C. Breckinridge. 


1S61 


Abraham Lincoln. . 


(4th March) 


Hanibal Hamlin. 


1865 


Re-elected. . 


(4th March) 


Andrew Johnson. 


1865 


Andrew Johnson. 


(15th April) 




1869 


Ulysses S. Grant. 


(4th March) 


Schuyler Colfax. 


1873 


Re-elected. . 


(4th March) 


Henry Wilson. 


1877 


Rutherford B. Hayes. . 


(5th March) 


William A. Wheeler. 


1881 


James A. Garfield. . 


(4th March) 


Chester A. Arthur. 


1881 


Chester A. Arthur. 


(20th Sept.) 




1885 


Grover Cleveland. . 


(4th March) 


Thomas A. Hendricks 


1889 


Benjamin Harrison. 


(4th March) 


Levi P. Morton. 



Census taken of the United States of America. 



1776. 


2,614,300 






1840. 


17,069,453 




1790. 


3,921,326 






1850. 


23,191 


,876 




1800. 


5.309.756 






i860. 


31,445.980 




1810. 


7.239.903 






1870. 


38.553,371 




1820. 


9. 6 38.453 






lS8o. 


5o,i55 


,733 




1830. 


12,858,670 
XECTORAL V< 




1890. 


62,48c 
ATES. 


.540 




E 


DTE OF 


the United St 






IS80 ] 


884 


1890 




1880 


1884 


1890 


Alabama, . 


. 10 


IO 


1 1 


Montana, . 






3 


Arkansas, 


6 


7 


8 


Nebraska, 


3 


5 


8 


California, 


. 6 


8 


9 * 


Nevada, . 


3 


3 


3 


Colorado, 


3 


3 


4 


New Hampshire 


5 


4 


4 


Connecticut, 


. 6 


6 


6 


New Jersey, 


9 


9 


10 


Delaware, 


3 


3 


3 


New York, , 


35 


36 


36 


Florida, 


• 4 


4 


4 


North Carolina, 


10 


11 


11 


Georgia, 


n 


12 


13 


North Dakota, 






3 


Idaho, 






3 


Ohio, 


22 


23 


23 


Illinois, 


21 


22 


24 


Oregon, 


3 


3 


4 


Indiana, . 


• 15 


'5 


15 


Pennsylvania, . 


29 


30 


32 


Iowa, 


1 1 


13 


13 


Rhode Island. 


4 


4 


4 


Kansas, 


5 


9 


10 


South Carolina, 


7 


9 


9 


Kentucky, 


12 


'3 


13 


South Dakota, 






4 


Louisiana, 


. 8 


8 


8 


Tennessee, 


12 


12 


12 


Maine, 


7 


6 


6 


Texas, . 


8 


13 


15 


Maryland, 


. 8 


8 


8 


Vermont, . 


5 


4 


4 


Massachusetts, 13 


14 


15 


Virginia, 


1 1 


12 


12 


Michigan, 


. 11 


13 


H 


Washington, 






4 


Minnesota, 


5 


7 


9 


West Virginia, 


5 


6 


6 


Mississippi, 


. 8 


9 


9 


Wisconsin, 


10 


11 


12 


Missouri, 


15 


16 


17 


Wyoming, 






3 


Total in i88< 


3, • 369- 


Total in 18 


84, . 401. Tote 


d in i8<; 


)o, . 


444. 


















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